📚 Spanish Grammar Quick Reference for Edexcel GCSE | Edexcel GCSE 西班牙语语法速查手册
This quick reference guide covers the essential grammar "formulas" you need for the Edexcel GCSE Spanish exam. Treat these patterns like mathematical equations – learn the structure, apply the rules, and you will construct accurate Spanish with confidence.
本速查手册涵盖 Edexcel GCSE 西班牙语考试必备的核心语法“公式”。把这些规则当作数学公式来学——掌握结构，套用规则，你就能自信地说写准确的西班牙语。
1. Gender and Number of Nouns | 名词的性与数
Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and most ending in -a are feminine. However, there are exceptions you must memorise.
西班牙语名词有阳性和阴性之分，以 -o 结尾的名词多为阳性，以 -a 结尾的多为阴性，但有一些例外需要特别记忆。
Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad are almost always feminine (e.g. la información, la ciudad). Nouns ending in -ma, -pa, -ta of Greek origin are often masculine (e.g. el problema, el mapa).
以 -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad 结尾的名词几乎总是阴性（如 la información, la ciudad）。源于希腊语的以 -ma, -pa, -ta 结尾的名词通常是阳性（如 el problema, el mapa）。
it ends in a consonant (papel → papeles). Nouns ending in -z change to -ces (luz → luces).
构成复数时，元音结尾直接加 -s（libro → libros），辅音结尾加 -es（papel → papeles）。以 -z 结尾的名词将 z 变为 c 再加 -es（luz → luces）。
2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
Articles must agree in gender and number with the noun. The definite articles (the) are: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural).
冠词必须在性和数上与名词保持一致。定冠词为：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）、las（阴性复数）。
The indefinite articles (a, an, some) are: un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural). Use unos/unas to mean "some".
不定冠词为：un（阳性单数）、una（阴性单数）、unos（阳性复数）、unas（阴性复数）。unos/unas 表示“一些”。
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular Definite | el libro | la casa |
| Plural Definite | los libros | las casas |
| Singular Indefinite | un libro | una casa |
| Plural Indefinite | unos libros | unas casas |
3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词的一致
Adjectives must match the noun in gender and number. Most adjectives ending in -o have four forms: -o (masculine singular), -a (feminine singular), -os (masculine plural), -as (feminine plural), e.g. rojo/roja/rojos/rojas.
形容词必须与名词在性和数上一致。大多数以 -o 结尾的形容词有四种形式：-o（阳性单数）、-a（阴性单数）、-os（阳性复数）、-as（阴性复数），如 rojo/roja/rojos/rojas。
or a consonant usually have only singular and plural forms: inteligente → inteligentes; fácil → fá common adjectives, like grande (big), become gran before a singular noun (un gran hombre).
以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只有单复数变化：inteligente → inteligentes；fácil → fáciles。一些常用形容词如 grande 在单数名词前需变为 gran（un gran hombre）。
Adjectives generally follow the noun, except for a few like bueno, malo, grande, pequeño, and numbers, which often precede the noun (un buen libro).
形容词通常放在名词之后，但表示数量、好坏、大小等的形容词常置于名词之前（如 un buen libro）。
4. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词
Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish because the verb ending indicates the person. Use them for emphasis or clarity.
西班牙语中主语代词常省略，因为动词词尾已经表明人称。只在强调或避免歧义时使用。
| Person | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | yo | I |
| 2nd singular (familiar) | tú | you |
| 3rd singular (formal m./f.) | él / ella / usted | he / she / you (formal) |
| 1st plural | nosotros / nosotras | we |
| 2nd plural (familiar, Spain) | vosotros / vosotras | you all |
| 3rd plural | ellos / ellas / ustedes | they / you all (formal) |
Note: In Latin America, 'ustedes' replaces 'vosotros' for all plural 'you' contexts, both formal and informal.
注意：在拉丁美洲，无论正式还是非正式场合，复数“你们”均使用 ustedes，不使用 vosotros。
5. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位
The present tense is formed by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the appropriate personal endings. See the formula below.
现在时需去掉动词原形词尾（-ar, -er, -ir），并加上相应的人称词尾，见下方公式。
| Pronoun | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o (hablo) | -o (como) | -o (vivo) |
| tú | -as (hablas) | -es (comes) | -es (vives) |
| él/ella/usted | -a (habla) | -e (come) | -e (vive) |
| nosotros/as | -amos (hablamos) | -emos (comemos) | -imos (vivimos) |
| vosotros/as | -áis (habláis) | -éis (coméis) | -ís (vivís) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an (hablan) | -en (comen) | -en (viven) |
These patterns work for thousands of regular verbs. Once memorised, you can conjugate any regular verb confidently.
这些规律适用于数千个规则动词，熟记后就能轻松变位任何规则动词。
6. Present Tense Key Irregular Verbs | 现在时核心不规则动词
Some high-frequency verbs are irregular in the present tense. These must be learned by heart as they appear in almost every GCSE conversation or writing task.
一些高频动词的现在时变位不规则，必须熟记于心，因为它们在 GCSE 口语和写作中几乎无处不在。
| Pronoun | ser (to be) | estar (to be) | tener (to have) | ir (to go) | hacer (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy | tengo | voy | hago |
| tú | eres | estás | tienes | vas | haces |
| él/ella/usted | es | está | tiene | va | hace |
| nosotros/as | somos | estamos | tenemos | vamos | hacemos |
| vosotros/as | sois | estáis | tenéis | vais | hacéis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | son | están | tienen | van | hacen |
Use ser for permanent characteristics, identity, time and origin. Use estar for temporary states, locations and ongoing actions (with gerund).
ser 表示永久特性、身份、时间和来源；estar 表示暂时状态、位置及进行中的动作（与副动词连用）。
7. Present Perfect Tense (Pretérito Perfecto) | 现在完成时
The perfect tense expresses 'have done' or 'has done' something. It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber plus the past participle.
现在完成时表示“已经做了”某事，由助动词 haber 的现在时变位加上过去分词构成。
Present Perfect = haber (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) + Past Participle
现在完成时 = haber 现在时变位 + 过去分词
Regular past participles are formed by adding -ado to -ar stems and -ido → abierto, decir → dicho, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, ver → visto, volver → vuelto.
规则过去分词的构成为：-ar 词干加 -ado，-er 和 -ir 词干加 -ido。常见不规则过去分词有： → abierto, decir → dicho, escribir → escrito, hacer → hecho, ver → visto, volver → vuelto。
8. Simple Future Tense (Futuro Simple) | 简单将来时
The simple future tense is one of the easiest tenses to form because you keep the entire infinitive and add a set of endings. It translates to 'will do' or 'shall do'.
简单将来时是最易掌握的时态之一，你只需保留整个动词原形并添加固定词尾，表示“将会做某事”。
Future = Infinitive + (é, ás, á, emos, éis, án)
将来时 = 动词原形 + (é, ás, á, emos, éis, án)
| Pronoun | Ending | hablar (will speak) | comer (will eat) | vivir (will live) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -é | hablaré | comeré | viviré |
| tú | -ás | hablarás | comerás | vivirás |
| él/ella/usted | -á | hablará | comerá | vivirá |
| nosotros/as | -emos | hablaremos | comeremos | viviremos |
| vosotros/as | -éis | hablaréis | comeréis | viviréis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -án | hablarán | comerán | vivirán |
main the same: tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poner → pondr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-.
少数常用动词的将来时词干不规则，但词尾不变：tener → tendr-, salir → saldr-, poner → pondr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-。
9. Conditional Tense (Condicional) | 条件式
The conditional is used to express 'would do' something. It is formed similarly to the future: infinitive + endings, and the irregular stems are identical to the future tense stems.
条件式表示“会做某事”，其构成与将来时类似：动词原形加词尾，不规则词干与将来时相同。
Conditional = Infinitive + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían)
条件式 = 动词原形 + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían)
Example with hablar: yo hablaría, tú hablarías, él hablaría, nosotros hablaríamos, vosotros hablaríais, ellos hablarí useful for expressing wishes, polite requests and hypothetical situations (e.g. Me gustaría... = I would like...).
以 hablar 为例：yo hablaría, tú hablarías, él hablaría, nosotros hablaríamos, vosotros hablaríais, ellos hablarían。常用于表达愿望、礼貌请求和假设情境（如 Me gustaría... 表示“我想要……”）。
10. Basic Imperative (Commands) | 基本命令式
Commands are used to tell someone to do something. For GCSE, the most useful forms are the affirmative 'tú' and 'usted' commands, as well as 'vosotros' (Spain).
命令式用于让某人做某事。GCSE 最常用的是肯定式 tú、usted 及 vosotros（西班牙）的命令形式。
For regular affirmative 'tú' commands, use the 3rd person singular form of the present tense: habla, come, vive. The 'usted' command uses the present subjunctive form: hable, coma, viva. The 'vosotros' command simply replaces the -r of the infinitive with -d: hablad, comed, vivid.
规则动词的肯定式 tú 命令采用现在时第三人称单数变位：habla, come, vive。usted 命令采用现在时虚拟式：hable, coma, viva。vosotros 命令只需将动词原形的 -r 替换为 -d：hablad, comed, vivid。
Common irregular tú commands include: decir → di, hacer → haz, ir → ve, poner → pon, salir → sal, ser → sé, tener → ten.
常见不规则 tú 命令形有：decir → di, hacer → haz, ir → ve, poner → pon, salir → sal, ser → sé, tener → ten。
11. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接与间接宾语代词
Object pronouns replace the noun receiving the action. They usually come before the conjugated verb, but can be attached to infinitives and affirmative commands.
宾语代词代替动作的承受者，通常置于变位动词之前，但可附着在动词原形和肯定命令式之后。
| Person | Direct Object | Indirect Object |
|---|---|---|
| me | me | me |
| you (tú) | te | te |
| him / it (m.) | lo | le |
| her / it (f.) | la | le |
| us | nos | nos |
| you (vosotros) | os | os |
| them / you all (m.) | los | les |
| them / you all (f.) | las | les |
When both appear together, the indirect comes before the direct. If both start with 'l', change the indirect 'le/les' to 'se': Le lo doy → Se lo doy (I give it to him).
两者同时出现时，间接宾语在前，直接在后。若两者都以 l 开头，间接宾语 le/les 需变为 se：Le lo doy → Se lo doy。
12. Key Connectives and Time Expressions | 重要连接词与时间表达
Using connectives lifts your mark in the GCSE speaking and writing exams. They link ideas and demonstrate a higher level of Spanish proficiency.
使用连接词能提升 GCSE 口语和写作成绩，连接观点并展现更高水平的西班牙语能力。
- y / e (and) – use 'e' before words starting with i- or
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