📚 Core Knowledge Revision for Year 11 Edexcel Geography | 爱德思地理11年级核心知识点梳理
Year 11 Edexcel Geography covers a broad range of physical and human topics, from river and coastal processes to urbanisation and global development. This revision guide consolidates the core knowledge needed for the GCSE examination, with key concepts, case studies, and skills summaries.
爱德思地理11年级课程涵盖了河流与海岸作用、城市化、全球发展等众多自然与人文主题。本复习指南整合了GCSE考试所需的核心知识点，包括关键概念、案例研究和技能总结。
1. River Processes and Landforms | 河流作用与地貌
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition. Vertical erosion dominates the upper course, creating V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs, while lateral erosion is more common in the middle and lower courses, leading to meanders and wider valleys.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用塑造地貌。上游以垂直侵蚀为主，形成V形谷和交错山嘴；中下游则以侧蚀为主，形成曲流和更宽阔的河谷。
Erosional landforms include waterfalls and gorges. A waterfall forms where a band of hard rock lies over softer rock; differential erosion undercuts the hard rock, creating a plunge pool and eventually a gorge as the waterfall retreats upstream.
侵蚀地貌包括瀑布和峡谷。瀑布形成于硬岩层覆盖软岩层处；差异侵蚀掏蚀硬岩下方，形成壶穴，随着瀑布向上游后退，最终形成峡谷。
Transportation processes: traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. These move eroded material downstream. Deposition occurs when the river's velocity decreases, forming features such as floodplains, levees, and deltas.
搬运过程包括推移、跃移、悬移和溶移，将被侵蚀的物质向下游搬运。当河流流速降低时发生沉积，形成泛滥平原、天然堤和三角洲等特征。
Meanders migrate across the floodplain, and when the neck of a meander is cut through during a flood, an oxbow lake is created. Deltas form at the river mouth where sediment is deposited faster than it can be removed by tides and currents.
曲流在泛滥平原上迁移，当洪水期间曲流颈被切穿，便形成牛轭湖。三角洲形成于河口，沉积物堆积速度超过潮汐和海流的搬运速度。
2. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸作用与地貌
Coastal erosion is driven by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. These processes create landforms such as headlands and bays, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Discordant coastlines (alternating hard and soft rock) lead to headland and bay formation.
海岸侵蚀由水力作用、磨蚀、磨蚀和溶蚀驱动。这些过程形成岬角和海湾、海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残丘等地貌。不整合海岸线（硬软岩交替）导致岬角和海湾的形成。
Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast. Depositional features include beaches, spits, and bars. A spit is a long ridge of sand or shingle extending from the coast, often ending in a hooked shape due to a change in wind direction.
沿岸漂移将沉积物沿海岸搬运。堆积地貌包括海滩、沙嘴和拦湾坝。沙嘴是从海岸延伸出的长条形沙脊或卵石脊，常因风向变化末端呈钩状。
Sub-aerial processes such as weathering and mass movement also influence coastal landscapes. For example, rotational slumping occurs when saturated cliffs collapse along a curved slip plane, common in softer rock cliffs like those at Holderness.
陆上作用如风化和块体运动也影响海岸景观。例如，旋转基底滑动发生在饱和悬崖沿曲面滑动面坍塌时，常见于霍尔德内斯等软岩悬崖。
| Erosional Landform | Description |
|---|---|
| Cave | Hollow formed by wave attack on a headland |
| Arch | When two caves erode back-to-back through the headland |
| Stack | Isolated column of rock left after the arch collapses |
| Stump | A stack that has been eroded down to a low platform |
侵蚀地貌：海蚀洞（波浪对岬角侵蚀形成的洞穴）、海蚀拱（两个洞穴背靠背贯通岬角）、海蚀柱（拱顶坍塌后留下的孤立岩柱）、海蚀残丘（海蚀柱进一步侵蚀形成的低矮平台）。
3. Weather Hazards and Climate | 天气灾害与气候
Global atmospheric circulation drives the world's climate zones. At the equator, warm air rises creating a low-pressure belt with abundant rainfall (tropical rainforests). At 30° north
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