📚 Year 11 CCEA Politics: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | Year 11 CCEA 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of politics is the first step to exam success. This guide breaks down the essential terms you need for the CCEA Year 11 course, pairing each concept with a memory hack so you can recall and apply them confidently under time pressure.
掌握政治学的语言是考试成功的第一步。本指南拆解了 CCEA Year 11 课程必须掌握的核心术语，为每个概念配上一个记忆诀窍，帮助你在时间紧张的考场里自信地回忆和运用。
1. Core Concepts of Democracy | 民主核心概念
Democracy literally means 'rule by the people' decisions on their behalf; in a direct democracy, everyone votes on every issue. Remember: "Demo" = people, "cracy" = power.
民主 字面意为“由人民统治”。在代议制民主中，公民选举他人代为决策；在直接民主中，每个人对所有议题投票。记住：“Demo” = 人民，“cracy” = 权力。
Sovereignty is the ultimate authority within a territory. Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or overturn any law. Picture a crown floating above the Palace of Westminster – no one overrules Parliament.
主权 是指领土范围内的最高权威。议会主权意味着议会可以制定或推翻任何法律。想象一顶王冠悬浮在威斯敏斯特宫上方——没有人能否决议会。
Legitimacy is the right to govern, usually gained through free and fair elections. Think "legitimate = lawful right". A government with low turnout may have a "legitimacy deficit".
合法性 是统治的权利，通常通过自由公正的选举获得。想作“合法的权利”。如果投票率低，政府可能存在“合法性赤字”。
2. Government Structures | 政府结构
Constitution it is not written in a single document but found in statutes, conventions, and common law. "Uncodified = Unwritten scrapbook".
宪法 是一套国家运行规则。英国拥有不成文宪法，意味着它不是写在一份单一文件中，而是存在于成文法、惯例和普通法里。“不成文 = 未装订的剪贴簿”。
Separation of Powers divides government into three branches: executive (implements law), legislature (makes law), and judiciary (interprets law). Use the triangle: "E.L.J." – each corner checks the others.
三权分立 将政府分为三个分支：行政（执行法律）、立法（制定法律）、司法（解释法律）。用三角形记忆：“E.L.J.”——每个角制约其他。
Fusion of Powers describes the UK system where the executive sits within the legislature (MPs in Cabinet). Think of a "Fusion smoothie" – executive and legislative ingredients blended together, not fully separate.
权力融合 描述英国体制，行政机关成员同时来自立法机关（内阁大臣是议员）。想象一杯“融合奶昔”——行政和立法成分混合，没有完全分开。
3. Elections and Representation | 选举与代表
First Past the Post (FPTP) is the UK’s electoral system: the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. "First past the post wins the race" – it's simple but often produces disproportional results.
简单多数制 是英国的选举制度：每个选区得票最多者当选。“第一个冲过终点的赢得比赛”——简单但常常产生不成比例的结果。
Proportional Representation (PR) a party gets. The memory hook: PR = Proportional Result. Smaller parties benefit from PR.
比例代表制 旨在让席位的百分比与政党得票的百分比匹配。记忆挂钩：PR = 比例化结果。小党更受益于比例代表制。
Constituency is a geographical area that elects one MP. Think "constituents = those who constitute the area". A safe seat is a constituency where one party is almost guaranteed to win.
选区 是一个选举一名议员的地理区域。想作“构成该区域的人”。安全席位是指某个政党几乎稳赢的选区。
4. The Executive Branch | 行政部门
Prime Minister (PM) ernment, appointed by the monarch as the leader of the party with majority in the Commons. "PM = principal minister". The PM chairs the Cabinet and sets policy direction.
首相 是英国政府首脑，由君主任命，是下议院多数党领袖。“PM = 首要大臣”。首相主持内阁并确定政策方向。
Cabinet is the group of senior ministers chosen by the PM to run key government departments. "Cabinet = a room where big decisions are made". Collective responsibility means all ministers must publicly support decisions or resign.
内阁 是由首相挑选的高级大臣组成的团队，负责管理关键的政府部门。“内阁 = 做出重大决策的房间”。集体责任制意味着所有大臣必须公开支持决策或辞职。
Royal Prerogative are powers once held by the monarch now exercised by the PM and ministers, such as declaring war or signing treaties. "Prerogative = pre-approval by history". These powers are increasingly scrutinised by Parliament.
皇家特权 是曾由君主掌握、现由首相和大臣行使的权力，如宣战或签署条约。“特权 = 历史预先批准”。这些权力正日益受到议会的审查。
5. The Legislative Branch | 立法部门
Parliament ouse of Lords, and the monarch. Its main job is to make, amend, and scrutinise laws. Think "Parliament = the place where you talk (parler)".
议会 由上议院、下议院和君主组成。它的主要工作是制定、修改和审查法律。想作“说话的地方 (parler)”。
House of Commons is the elected chamber; its 650 MPs hold the democratic mandate. "Commons = common people". The Commons has ultimate legislative supremacy – the Lords can only delay, not block.
下议院 是民选议会，650名议员拥有民主授权。“下院 = 平民”。下院拥有最终的立法至上权——上院只能拖延，不能否决。
House of Lords is the unelected revising chamber, composed of life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. "Lords = wisdom, not election". It revises legislation and provides expertise, but lacks democratic legitimacy.
上议院 是非民选的修订议会，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。“上院 = 智慧而非选举”。它修订立法并提供专业知识，但缺乏民主合法性。
6. The Judiciary and Rule of Law | 司法与法治
Rule of Law e is the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. No one is above the law. "Rule = ruler that binds everyone". This is essential for individual rights and fair justice.
法治 是包括政府在内的所有人都服从法律的原则。没有人凌驾于法律之上。“Rule = 束缚所有人的尺子”。这对个人权利和公平正义至关重要。
Judicial Independence sure. They are appointed by an independent commission and protected by security of tenure. "Independent judge = impartial umpire".
司法独立 意味着法官不受政治压力影响。他们由独立委员会任命，并受任期保障。“独立的法官 = 不偏不倚的裁判”。
Judicial Review whether a public body has acted lawfully. It ensures the executive does not misuse power. "Review = re-check the play".
司法审查 允许法院审查公共机构的行为是否合法。它确保行政机关不滥用权力。“审查 = 重新查看比赛回放”。
7. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Left Wing quality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social policies. Remember "left = level the field". Labour and the Green Party sit here.
左翼 通常支持社会平等、政府干预经济和进步的社会政策。记住“左 = 拉平场地”。工党和绿党位于此处。
Right Wing favours individual freedom, free markets, lower taxes, and tradition. "Right = rely on yourself". The Conservative Party is the main right-wing party in the UK.
右翼 崇尚个人自由、自由市场、低税收和传统。“右 = 靠自己”。保守党是英国主要的右翼政党。
Centrism seeks a middle path, blending elements of both left and right. "Centre = middle of the seesaw". The Liberal Democrats often position themselves as centrist.
中间主义 寻求中间道路，融合左翼和右翼的元素。“中 = 跷跷板的中点”。自由民主党常将自己定位为中间派。
8. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说
Pressure Group sation that tries to influence government policy without seeking to become the government. "Pressure = push from outside". Examples include Greenpeace (environmental) and the British Medical Association.
压力集团 是试图影响政府政策但不寻求执政的组织。“压力 = 从外部推动”。例子包括绿色和平组织（环保）和英国医学协会。
Insider Group has close access to government and is regularly consulted, like the BMA. "Inside = invited to the party". They tend to use quiet, professional lobbying.
局内人集团 与政府关系密切，经常被咨询，如英国医学协会。“内部 = 受邀参加派对”。他们倾向于使用安静、专业的游说。
Outsider Group lacks direct access and relies on media campaigns and direct action, like Extinction Rebellion. "Outside = shouting through the fence".
局外人集团 缺乏直接途径，依赖媒体宣传和直接行动，如 “反抗灭绝”。 “外部 = 在围栏外喊叫”。
Lobbying is the act of trying to influence MPs or ministers on a particular issue. "Lobby = corner where you buttonhole an MP". Professional lobbyists are regulated but concerns about transparency remain.
游说 是试图就特定议题影响议员或大臣的行为。“Lobby = 你拦下议员的走廊角落”。职业说客受到监管，但透明度问题依然存在。
9. Rights and Citizenship | 权利与公民身份
Human Rights nd freedoms every person is entitled to, protected in the UK by the Human Rights Act 1998. "Human = universal, not just citizen". Rights include life, liberty, and a fair trial.
人权 是每个人应享有的基本权利和自由，在英国受1998年《人权法》保护。“人权 = 普遍的，不只是公民”。权利包括生命、自由和公正审判。
Civil Liberties are protections against state abuse, such as freedom of speech and assembly. "Civil = citizens' shield". These can be suspended only in extreme circumstances, like during a declared emergency.
公民自由 是防止国家滥权的保护，如言论和集会自由。“公民 = 公民的盾牌”。只有在极端情况下，如宣布紧急状态时，才能中止。
Active Citizenship means not just obeying the law but participating in community life – joining a jury, voting, campaigning. Think "active = doing, not just being".
积极公民权 不仅意味着遵守法律，还参与社区生活——担任陪审员、投票、活动。想作“积极 = 在做，而不只是存在”。
10. International Politics and Global Governance | 国际政治与全球治理
United Nations (UN) and security. Its principal organs include the General Assembly and the Security Council. "UN = umbrella for the world".
联合国 是1945年成立、旨在维护和平与安全的国际组织。其主要机构包括大会和安全理事会。“联合国 = 世界的保护伞”。
European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states, which the UK left in 2020 (Brexit). "EU = club with shared rules". It has its own customs union, single market, and court.
欧洲联盟 是一个由27个成员国组成的政治和经济联盟，英国于2020年退出（脱欧）。“欧盟 = 有共同规则的俱乐部”。它拥有自己的关税同盟、单一市场和法院。
Globalisation ess by which the world becomes more interconnected through trade, technology, and culture. "Globe + isation = world shrinking". It can increase wealth but also cause uncertainty over identity and jobs.
全球化 是世界通过贸易、科技和文化变得更加相互关联的过程。“全球 + 化=世界缩小”。它可以增加财富，但也可能引发身份认同和就业方面的不确定性。
Soft Power n coercion (hard power). British Council and BBC World Service are tools of UK soft power. "Soft = charm, not force".
软实力 是通过吸引和说服而非胁迫（硬实力）来影响他国的能力。英国文化协会和 BBC 世界服务是英国软实力的工具。“软 = 魅力，不是武力”。
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