📚 Year 11 Edexcel Science: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | Edexcel 11 年级科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is like unlocking a secret language that makes exam questions transparent. This guide distils the high-impact terms from the Edexcel Year 11 Combined Science syllabus into bite-sized definitions, paired with simple memory hooks. Whether you are revising Physics, Chemistry or Biology, these bilingual explanations will help you move from rote learning to genuine understanding.
掌握科学术语就像解锁一种秘密语言，能让考题变得清晰透明。这份指南将 Edexcel 11 年级综合科学课程大纲中的高频术语浓缩为易消化的定义，并配以简单的记忆钩子。无论你复习物理、化学还是生物，这些双语解释都将帮助你从死记硬背转向真正的理解。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Motion vocabulary often trips students up because everyday words like 'speed' have very precise scientific meanings. Focus on the distinction between scalars and vectors, and remember that forces always come in pairs.
运动词汇常常让学生犯错，因为日常用语如“速度”在科学上有着精确的界定。重点关注标量与矢量的区别，并记住力总是成对出现。
Displacement (s): The straight-line distance in a given direction from start to finish. It's a vector. Think of 'dis-place': how far you've been displaced from your original spot, ignoring the path taken.
位移 (s): 从起点到终点的直线距离，带有方向。它是一个矢量。联想“位移”就是你被“移”离原位的直线距离，忽略实际路径。
Velocity (v): m/s north. Velocity is a vector, while speed is scalar. Mnemonic: Velocity = Vector Speed.
速度 (v): 带有方向的速度，如向北 30 m/s。速度是矢量，速率是标量。记忆法：速度 = 矢量的速率。
Acceleration (a): The rate of change of velocity, measured in m/s². An object accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction. Link: accelerator pedal changes velocity.
加速度 (a): 速度的变化率，单位为 m/s²。物体加速、减速或改变方向时都有加速度。联想：汽车的加速踏板改变速度。
Resultant Force: g on an object combined. When resultant force is zero, the object is in equilibrium. Think 'resultant = overall result'.
合力: 与作用在物体上所有力共同效果相同的单个力。合力为零时，物体处于平衡状态。联想“合力”就是所有力的“总和结果”。
Momentum (p): Momentum is conserved in collisions as long as no external forces act. Mnemonic: MoMENtum – mass and moving energy linked.
动量 (p): 运动物体的属性，为质量与速度的乘积。只要无外力作用，碰撞中动量守恒。记忆法：动量 = 质量携带着运动的“能量”。
2. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is never created or destroyed, only shifted between stores. The key to energy calculations is identifying the correct store – kinetic, thermal, gravitational potential or chemical – and the pathway of transfer.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能在不同的储存库之间转移。能量计算的关键在于识别正确的储存方式——动能、热能、引力势能或化学能，以及转移的路径。
Kinetic Energy (KE): otion. KE = ½ × mass × speed². A doubling of speed quadruples the kinetic energy. Think of 'kinetic' as 'moving'.
动能 (KE): 物体由于运动而拥有的能量。KE = ½ × 质量 × 速率²。速率加倍则动能变为原来的四倍。形象记忆：一动就有的能。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): PE = mass × gravitational field strength × height. Mnemonic: GPE grows when you Go Higher.
引力势能 (GPE): 物体由于在引力场中的位置而储存的能量。GPE = 质量 × 引力场强度 × 高度。记忆法：爬得越高，势能越大。
Specific Heat Capacity (c): The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it slow to heat up. 'Specific' here means 'per kilogram'.
比热容 (c): 使 1 千克物质温度升高 1°C 所需的能量。水的比热容高，因此升温缓慢。这里的“比”是指“每单位质量”。
Power: e, : The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, measured in watts (W). 1 W = 1 J/s. Remember: powerful devices transfer energy quickly.
功率: 能量转移或做功的速率，单位是瓦特 (W)。1 W = 1 J/s。记住：功率大的设备转移能量更快。
Efficiency: nverted into useful output. Efficiency = useful output / total input. No device can be 100% efficient due to thermal energy loss. 'Efficient' means less waste.
效率: 输入能量转化为有用输出能量的比例。效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。由于热能损耗，没有设备能达到 100% 效率。“效率”高，浪费少。
3. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Electricity symbols often represent invisible flows, but the core ideas of current, potential difference and resistance can be modelled with simple analogies. Always check whether components are in series or parallel because the rules differ drastically.
电路符号通常代表看不见的流动，但电流、电势差和电阻等核心概念可以用简单的模型来类比。始终检查元件是串联还是并联，因为两者的规则差异巨大。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere. Think of current as the flow of water in a pipe – the same number of drops pass each point.
电流 (I): 电荷的流动速率，单位为安培 (A)。串联电路中各处电流相同。将电流想象为水管中水的流动——每秒流过每点的水量一致。
Potential Difference (V): The work done per unit charge to move charge between two points, measured in volts (V). Often called voltage. It is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit.
电势差 (V): 将单位电荷在两点间移动所做的功，单位为伏特 (V)。常称为电压，是推动电流在回路中流动的“推力”。
Resistance (R): Ω). The higher the resistance, the lower the current for a given potential difference. Ohm's Law: V = I × R.
电阻 (R): 元件对电流阻碍作用的量度，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。在给定电势差下，电阻越大电流越小。欧姆定律：V = I × R。
Series Circuit: A circuit with a single loop. Current is identical everywhere; the total resistance adds up; the supply potential difference is shared across components. Remember: 'Series' – one path shared.
串联电路: 只有一条回路的电路。电流处处相同；总电阻为各电阻之和；电源电势差在各元件间分配。记忆：“串联”即一个接一个，共享同一条路。
Parallel Circuit: A circuit with branches. The current splits at junctions; the potential difference across each branch is the same as the supply. If one bulb fails, the others stay on – unlike series.
并联电路: 具有支路的电路。电流在节点处分流；各支路两端电势差与电源相同。若一个灯泡熄灭，其它仍亮——与串联不同。
4. Waves: Properties and Applications | 波的性质与应用
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Whether you are describing ripples on water, sound in air or electromagnetic radiation, the same vocabulary – amplitude, frequency, wavelength – applies.
波传递能量但不传递物质。无论是描述水波纹、空气中的声波还是电磁辐射，都使用相同的词汇——振幅、频率、波长。
Wavelength (λ): The distance from one wave peak to the next. Measured in metres. Short wavelengths mean the waves are 'packed' together. Use λ – the Greek 'l' for length.
波长 (λ): 从一个波峰到下一个波峰的距离，单位为米。波长短意味着波被“压缩”在一起。λ 是希腊字母，代表长度。
Frequency (f): measured in hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = one wave per second. High frequency = high pitch in sound.
频率 (f): 每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。1 Hz 表示每秒一个波。声音频率高则音调高。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. In sound, larger amplitude produces a louder sound; in light, it relates to brightness. Think 'amplify' – to make larger.
振幅: 波离开平衡位置的最大位移。在声音中，振幅大会产生更响的声音；在光中，振幅与亮度相关。联想“放大”即振幅变大。
Wave Speed Equation:
v = f × λ
where v is wave speed (m/s), f is frequency (Hz), and λ is wavelength (m). To remember: very fast foxes leap.波速公式:
v = f × λ
其中 v 为波速 (m/s)，f 为频率，λ 为波长。记忆法：v = f 乘 λ，把公式唱出来。Electromagnetic Spectrum: A family of transverse waves that travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. In order of increasing frequency: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma. Mnemonic: Red Monkeys In Velvet Underpants X-rayed Giraffes.
电磁波谱: 在真空中以光速传播的一族横波。按频率递增：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：红猴穿着天鹅绒内衬 X 光透视长颈鹿。
5. Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics | 放射性与核物理
Radioactivity appears invisible and mysterious, but the core idea is that unstable nuclei emit radiation to become more stable. Concentrate on the properties of alpha, beta and gamma, and always link half-life to carbon dating and medical tracers.
放射性看似不可见且神秘，但其核心思想是不稳定原子核通过发射辐射变得更稳定。集中掌握 α、β、γ 射线的性质，并始终将半衰期与碳定年和医学示踪剂联系起来。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14. 'Iso' means same, 'tope' means place – same place on periodic table.
同位素: 质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。例如碳-12 和碳-14。“同”指相同，“位素”指在周期表中相同的位置。
Half-Life: The time taken for half the unstable nuclei in a sample to decay. It is a constant for a given isotope. If the half-life is 3 days, the activity halves every 3 days.
半衰期: 样本中一半不稳定原子核发生衰变所需的时间。对于特定同位素，这是一个常数。如半衰期为 3 天，那么每过 3 天放射性活度减半。
Alpha Particle (α): A helium nucleus – 2 protons + 2 neutrons. It is highly ionising but can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Alpha is 'big and slow' – think of a heavy bowling ball.
α 粒子: 一个氦核——2 个质子 + 2 个中子。电离能力很强，但一张纸就能挡住。α 粒子“大而慢”——想象一个沉重的保龄球。
Beta Particle (β⁻): A fast-moving electron emitted from the nucleus when a neutron turns into a proton. It can penetrate aluminium foil. Beta is 'smaller and faster' than alpha.
β⁻ 粒子: 中子转变为质子时从原子核发射出的高速电子。能穿透铝箔。β 粒子比 α “更小更快”。
Gamma Ray (γ): Electromagnetic wave with no mass or charge, very weakly ionising. It requires thick lead or concrete to stop. Gamma is pure energy – 'like an X-ray on steroids'.
γ 射线: 无质量、无电荷的电磁波，电离能力极弱。需要厚铅板或混凝土才能阻挡。γ 是纯能量——可理解为“超级 X 光”。
6. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
The periodic table is a map of elements based on atomic number. Understanding the arrangement of electrons in shells explains why elements in the same group behave similarly.
元素周期表是按原子序数编排的元素地图。理解电子在壳层中的排布可以解释为何同族元素化学性质相似。
Atomic Number: us, : The number of protons in the nucleus, defining the element. In a neutral atom, it also equals the number of electrons. Think 'Atomic Number = Proton Number = Identity'.
原子序数: 原子核内质子数，决定了元素的种类。在中性原子中，它还等于电子数。记忆：原子序数 = 质子数 = 元素身份证。
Mass Number: Total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus. It is always a whole number. The mass number minus atomic number gives the neutron count.
质量数: 原子核内质子与中子总数，始终为整数。质量数减去原子序数等于中子数。
Electron Shell Rule: Electrons occupy shells around the nucleus: first shell holds up to 2, second up to 8, third up to 8 (for GCSE). A full outer shell makes the atom stable – the driving force for bonding.
电子层排布规则: 电子占据原子核外的壳层：第一层最多 2 个，第二层最多 8 个，第三层最多 8 个（GCSE 范围）。满的最外层使原子稳定，这是形成化学键的动力。
Group (Periodic Table): A vertical column of elements sharing the same number of outer electrons. Group 1 elements all have one outer electron, making them highly reactive.
族 (元素周期表): 具有相同最外层电子数的元素纵向排列。第 1 族元素最外层电子数均为 1，因此反应性极强。
Period (Periodic Table): A horizontal row. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. Moving across a period, properties change from metallic to non-metallic.
周期 (元素周期表): 一个横行。同周期元素具有相同的电子层数。从左到右，元素的性质由金属性变为非金属性。
7. Chemical Bonding and Reactions | 化学键与反应
Bonding determines the properties of every material around you. The three main types – ionic, covalent and metallic – arise from atoms trying to achieve full outer shells.
化学键决定了你周围每种材料的性质。三种主要键型——离子键、共价键和金属键——都源于原子为了达到满的最外层结构。
Ionic Bonding: The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Metals lose electrons to become positive cations; non-metals gain electrons to become negative anions. 'Opposites attract' is key.
离子键: 带相反电荷的离子之间的静电引力。金属失电子形成阳离子；非金属得电子形成阴离子。核心就是“异性相吸”。
Covalent Bonding: A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms. Each atom contributes one electron to the pair. Think of a covalent bond as a 'sharing handcuff' that holds atoms together in molecules like H₂O.
共价键: 两个非金属原子之间共享的一对电子。每个原子提供一个电子。可把共价键看作一副“分享手铐”，将原子束缚在像 H₂O 这样的分子中。
Metallic Bonding: A lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea' trons. This sea allows metals to conduct electricity and heat. Delocalised = free to move.
金属键: 一个由正金属离子组成的晶格，周围环绕着“海洋”般的离域电子。这种电子海使金属能导电、导热。离域即可以自由移动。
Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed. If a reaction appears to lose mass, a gas likely escaped.
质量守恒: 在化学反应中，反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。原子只是重新排列，未被创造或消灭。若反应看似质量减少，很可能是气体逸出了。
Exothermic vs Endothermic: energy (temperature drops). Mnemonic: EXothermic = heat EXits; ENdothermic = heat ENters.
放热与吸热: 放热反应释放热能（温度升高）；吸热反应吸收热能（温度降低）。记忆法：放热 (Exothermic) 是热量 Exit；吸热 (Endothermic) 是热量 Enter。
8. Rates of Reaction and Energy Changes | 反应速率与能量变化
Controlling how fast a reaction proceeds is fundamental in industry and in the human body. The collision theory provides a mental model for almost all rate-related questions.
控制反应的快慢在工业与人体中至关重要。碰撞理论为几乎所有与速率相关的问题提供了一个思维模型。
Collision Theory: gy) and with the correct orientation. More successful collisions per second = faster rate.
碰撞理论: 要发生反应，粒子必须碰撞，并具备足够的能量（至少达到活化能）和正确的取向。每秒有效碰撞次数越多，反应速率越快。
Activation Energy: The minimum energy required for a collision to result in a reaction. Think of it as the 'energy barrier' reactants must overcome. Catalysts lower this barrier.
活化能: 碰撞引发反应所需的最低能量。可看作反应物必须跨越的“能量障碍”。催化剂能降低这一障碍。
Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up. It provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
催化剂: 加快反应速率而自身不被消耗的物质。它提供一条活化能较低的反应路径。酶是生物催化剂。
Rate Factors: ts all affect rate. Mnemonic: T-Cat-S-C = Temperature, Catalyst, Surface area, Concentration.
速率影响因素: 温度（粒子运动更快）、浓度/压强（单位体积粒子数更多）、表面积（固体暴露面积更大）和催化剂。记忆公式：温猫表浓。
Reversible Reactions: Reactions that can go forwards and backwards under different conditions. At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction. The sign ⇌ indicates reversibility.
可逆反应: 在不同条件下可向正、逆两个方向进行的反应。达到平衡时，正反应速率等于逆反应速率。符号 ⇌ 表示可逆。
9. Cells, Transport and Homeostasis | 细胞、运输与稳态
Living organisms maintain stable internal conditions through homeostasis. Transport across cell membranes – diffusion, osmosis and active transport – is the physical basis for nutrient uptake and waste removal.
生物体通过稳态维持稳定的内部环境。跨越细胞膜的运输——扩散、渗透和主动运输——是吸收营养物质和排出废物的物理基础。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive, requiring no energy. Perfume spreading in a room is diffusion.
扩散: 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺着浓度梯度。这是一个被动过程，不需能量。香水在房间中弥散就是扩散。
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Water moves to 'dilute' the stronger side. Only water can pass.
渗透: 水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的扩散。水会向更浓的一侧移动以“稀释”它，只有水能穿过。
Active Transport: The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, using energy from cellular respiration. It requires carrier proteins. Root hair cells use active transport to absorb mineral ions from soil.
主动运输: 粒子逆浓度梯度的移动，需要利用细胞呼吸提供的能量，并借助载体蛋白。根毛细胞利用主动运输从土壤吸收矿质离子。
Homeostasis: The maintenance of a constant internal environment, including body temperature, water balance, and blood glucose levels. It involves receptors, coordination centres and effectors.
稳态: 维持恒定的内部环境，包括体温、水分平衡和血糖浓度。它涉及感受器、协调中心和效应器。
Enzymes and Temperature: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. They have an optimum temperature (around 37°C in humans). High temperatures denature them, changing the active site shape permanently.
酶与温度: 酶是催化生化反应的蛋白质。它们有最适温度（人体约 37°C）。高温会使酶变性，永久改变活性位点形状。
10. Ecology and Interdependence | 生态与相互依赖
Ecology connects all living things through food chains, energy flow and cycles of matter. The key terms here help you analyse ecosystems from a single organism up to the whole biosphere.
生态学通过食物链、能量流动和物质循环将所有生物联系在一起。这部分的关键术语帮助你从单个生物体分析到整个生物圈的生态系统。
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment (air, water, soil). A pond or a woodland is an ecosystem. Interdependence is the rule.
生态系统: 生物群落与它们周围的非生物环境（空气、水、土壤）相互作用形成的整体。一个池塘或一片林地就是一个生态系统。相互依赖是法则。
Producer: An organism, such as a plant or alga, that makes its own food via photosynthesis. Producers form the base of every food chain and convert light energy into chemical energy.
生产者: 通过光合作用自己制造食物的生物，如植物或藻类。生产者处于每条食物链的底端，将光能转化为化学能。
Consumer and Trophic Levels: Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Each feeding level is a trophic level. Energy is lost as heat at each level, explaining why chains are rarely longer than 4-5 links.
消费者与营养级: 初级消费者取食生产者，次级消费者取食初级消费者。每个取食层次就是一个营养级。能量在每一级都以热的形式损耗，因此食物链很少超过 4–5 个环节。
Carbon Cycle: The circulation of carbon between the atmosphere, living things and the oceans. Key processes: photosynthesis (removes CO₂), respiration and combustion (add CO₂), decomposition. Remember: carbon is recycled, not lost.
碳循环: 碳在大气、生物和海洋之间的循环。关键过程：光合作用（固定 CO₂），呼吸作用和燃烧（释放 CO₂），分解。记住
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图