📚 Year 11 CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CCEA 社会学：关键术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 11 CCEA Sociology students rapidly revise and retain key terminology. By pairing concise English definitions with clear Chinese translations and offering simple memory hooks, you can strengthen your exam answers and link concepts across topics. Use this as a bilingual flashcard-style resource to build confidence before your assessment.
本指南旨在帮助 Year 11 CCEA 社会学学生快速复习并记住关键术语。通过将简洁的英文定义与清晰的中文翻译配对，并提供简单的记忆挂钩，你可以增强考试答案的深度，并将概念跨主题串联起来。将此作为双语闪卡式资源，在考试前积累信心。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念
Culture: Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, traditions, norms, values and material objects. Think 'Cultivate' – a society cultivates its own way of life.
文化：文化指特定社会的整体生活方式，包括其语言、传统、规范、价值观和物质对象。联想“培养”——一个社会培养其自身的生活方式。
Norms: Norms are the unwritten social rules that guide expected behaviour in everyday situations. Remember 'Normal' behaviour follows norms.
规范：规范是指导日常情境中预期行为的非成文社会规则。记住“正常”行为遵循规范。
Values: Values are deeply held beliefs about what is desirable and morally right in a society. They underpin norms and influence people's choices. Think 'Valued principles'.
价值观：价值观是关于社会中哪些是值得向往和道德正确的根深蒂固的信念。它们支撑规范并影响人们的选择。联想“珍视的原则”。
Status: Status describes a person's social position. Ascribed status is fixed at birth (e.g., royalty), while achieved status is earned through effort (e.g., a degree).
地位：地位描述一个人的社会位置。先赋地位是与生俱来的（如皇室），而自致地位是通过努力获得的（如学位）。
Role: A role is the pattern of behaviour expected of someone occupying a particular status. For example, the role of a teacher includes delivering lessons and marking work.
角色：角色是占据特定地位的人被期望的行为模式。例如，教师的角色包括授课和批改作业。
Identity: Identity is how individuals see and define themselves, influenced by social factors such as class, gender and ethnicity. Identity can be both personal and social.
身份认同：身份认同是个体如何看待和定义自己，受阶级、性别和种族等社会因素影响。身份既可以是个人性的，也可以是社会性的。
2. The Socialisation Process | 社会化过程
Socialisation: Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values and appropriate behaviours of their society. Without it, social order would break down.
社会化：社会化是个体学习所处社会的规范、价值观和适当行为的终身过程。没有社会化，社会秩序将会崩溃。
Primary socialisation dren learn basic language, emotional control and core values. Mnemonic: Primary = Parents.
初级社会化：这发生在幼儿期，主要是在家庭内部。儿童学习基本语言、情绪控制和核心价值观。助记：Primary = Parents（初级即父母）。
Secondary socialisation cialisation and introduces wider social rules. Mnemonic: Secondary = School & Society.
次级社会化：这后来通过学校、同伴群体、大众媒体和宗教等机构发生。它在初级社会化基础上发展，引入更广泛的社会规则。助记：Secondary = School & Society（次级即学校与社会）。
Agencies of socialisation: These are the institutions and groups that transmit cultural norms. Key agencies include the family, education, peer group, mass media and religion. Each exposes individuals to different expectations.
社会化机构：这些是传递文化规范的机构和群体。关键机构包括家庭、教育、同伴群体、大众媒体和宗教。每个机构使个体接触不同的期望。
3. Social Control, Deviance and Crime | 社会控制、越轨与犯罪
Social control: Social control refers to the ways society regulates behaviour to ensure conformity. It can be formal or informal.
社会控制：社会控制指社会调节行为以确保服从的方式。它可以是正式或非正式的。
Formal social control ce, : This is exercised by official organisations such as the police, courts and prisons. Sanctions include fines, imprisonment and community service. Think 'Formal = Force of law'.
正式社会控制：这由警察、法院和监狱等官方组织实施。制裁包括罚款、监禁和社区服务。联想“正式 = 法律力量”。
Informal social control hrough disapproval, ridicule or praise. It shapes behaviour in everyday settings. Remember 'Informal = Intimate relationships'.
非正式社会控制：这由家人、朋友和同伴通过不赞同、嘲笑或表扬来实施。它在日常环境中塑造行为。记住“非正式 = 亲密关系”。
Deviance: Deviance is behaviour that goes against accepted norms but may not be illegal. For example, burping loudly in a formal setting. Not all deviance is criminal.
越轨：越轨是违背公认规范但可能不违法的行为。例如，在正式场合大声打嗝。并非所有越轨都是犯罪。
Crime: Crime is an act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. All crimes are deviant, but not all deviant acts are crimes.
犯罪：犯罪是违反法律并可由国家惩罚的行为。所有犯罪都是越轨的，但并非所有越轨行为都是犯罪。
Sanctions: Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. Positive sanctions (praise, medals) encourage conformity; negative sanctions (fines, exclusion) discourage deviance.
制裁：制裁是用来执行规范的奖励或惩罚。正面制裁（表扬、奖章）鼓励服从；负面制裁（罚款、排斥）阻止越轨。
4. Family Structures and Roles | 家庭结构与角色
Nuclear family: A nuclear family consists of two generations – parents and their dependent children – living in the same household. Think 'nucleus' as the core unit.
核心家庭：核心家庭包含两代人——父母及其受抚养子女——居住在同一户内。联想“核心”为基本单位。
Extended family: An extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts or uncles, often living together or nearby. It provides wider support networks.
扩展家庭：扩展家庭包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨等，通常同住或相邻。它提供更广泛的支持网络。
Lone-parent family: This is headed by one parent raising children on their own. Sociologists study lone-parent families in relation to poverty and social policy.
单亲家庭：这是由单亲独自抚养孩子的家庭。社会学家将单亲家庭与贫困和社会政策联系研究。
Symmetrical family: Willmott and Young's concept where partners share domestic tasks and decisions more equally. Look for symmetry – balanced roles.
对称家庭：威尔莫特和扬的概念，指伴侣更平等地分担家务和决策。寻求对称——平衡的角色。
Patriarchy: Patriarchy is a social system where men hold dominant power and women are subordinated. It operates in families, workplaces and politics.
父权制：父权制是一种男性掌握主导权力、女性处于从属地位的社会制度。它在家庭、职场和政治中运行。
Domestic division of labour: This refers to how household chores and childcare are divided between partners. Feminist sociologists highlight persistent gender inequality here.
家庭劳动分工：这指的是家务和育儿如何在伴侣之间分配。女性主义社会学家强调此处持续存在的性别不平等。
5. Education and Achievement | 教育与成就
Hidden curriculum: The hidden curriculum is the informal learning of values, attitudes and norms transmitted through the school experience, such as obedience and punctuality. It is 'hidden' because it is not formally taught.
隐性课程：隐性课程是通过学校经历传递的价值观、态度和规范的非正式学习，例如服从和守时。之所以“隐性”，是因为并非正式教授。
Formal curriculum: This is the official content taught in schools, following a set syllabus. Exams test knowledge of the formal curriculum.
正式课程：这是学校教授的官方内容，遵循既定教学大纲。考试即考察正式课程的知识。
Labelling: Teachers may attach labels to pupils (e.g., 'bright' or 'troublemaker'). These labels can influence teacher expectations and pupils' self-concept. Link: Labelling leads to Self-fulfilling prophecy.
标签化：教师可能给学生贴上标签（如“聪明”或“捣蛋鬼”）。这些标签会影响教师的期望和学生的自我概念。关联：标签化导致自我实现预言。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a prediction directly or indirectly causes itself to become true. A student labelled as 'low ability' may stop trying, thus fulfilling the low-expectation prophecy.
自我实现预言：当一个预测直接或间接导致自身成真。一个被贴上“能力低”标签的学生可能放弃努力，从而实现低期望的预言。
Material deprivation as income, housing or educational materials that can hinder educational achievement. Think 'Material = Money and things'.
物质匮乏：缺乏物质资源，如收入、住房或教育资源，这会阻碍学业成就。联想“物质 = 钱和物品”。
Cultural deprivation ldren without the cultural skills, language and attitudes needed for school success. Think 'Cultural = Cultural toolkit'.
文化匮乏：指家庭中社会化不足，导致一些儿童缺乏学校成功所需的文化技能、语言和态度。联想“文化 = 文化工具箱”。
6. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification: Stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes based on factors like wealth, status and power. Visualise societal 'strata' or layers.
社会分层：分层是根据财富、地位和权力等因素将个体划分为社会阶级的等级安排。想象社会的“地层”或层次。
Social class: A grouping of people sharing similar economic positions, often defined by occupation, income and lifestyle. Sociologists often distinguish between working, middle and upper classes.
社会阶级：指具有相似经济地位的人群划分，通常由职业、收入和生活风格定义。社会学家常区分工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级。
Life chances: Weber's concept describing the opportunities people have to access desirable things like education, health and housing. Life chances are strongly influenced by class.
生活机会：韦伯的概念，描述人们获得合意事物（如教育、健康、住房）的机会。生活机会深受阶级影响。
Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between social positions. Upward mobility means moving to a higher class; downward mobility means falling to a lower one.
社会流动：个体或群体在社会地位之间的移动。向上流动意味着进入更高阶层；向下流动则跌入更低阶层。
Absolute poverty: A condition where people lack the minimum necessities to survive, such as food and shelter. It is measured by a fixed poverty line.
绝对贫困：人们缺乏维持生存的最低必需品，如食物和住所的状态。它通过固定的贫困线来衡量。
Relative poverty: Poverty defined in relation to the average standard of living in a specific society. Someone is relatively poor if they fall below what is considered an acceptable living standard in that society.
相对贫困：相对于特定社会平均生活水平定义的贫困。如果某人低于该社会认为可接受的生活水平，则处于相对贫困。
7. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法要点
Quantitative data es. Useful for spotting patterns and making generalisations. Mnemonic: Quantity = Numbers.
定量数据：以数字形式表达的信息，如统计和百分比。有助于发现模式并进行概括。助记：Quantity = Numbers（数量 = 数字）。
Qualitative data nd : In-depth, non-numerical data capturing meanings, experiences and feelings, often from interviews or observations. Mnemonic: Quality = Quote-rich detail.
定性数据：深度、非数字数据，捕捉意义、体验和感受，常来自访谈或观察。助记：Quality = Quote-rich detail（质量 = 富有引述的细节）。
Primary data: Data collected first-hand by the researcher for their specific purpose, such as a questionnaire they design. It is original and directly relevant.
一手数据：研究者为特定目的亲自收集的数据，如他们设计的问卷。它是原创且直接相关的。
Secondary data: Data that already exists, collected by others, such as official statistics, government reports or previous studies. Cheaper and quicker but may not perfectly fit the research question.
二手数据：已经存在、由他人收集的数据，如官方统计、政府报告或以往研究。更便宜更快，但可能不完全匹配研究问题。
Validity s what it claims to measure. High validity means the data reflects real life deeply. Think 'Valid = True picture'.
效度：一种方法是否测量了其声称要测量的东西。高效度意味着数据深入反映真实生活。联想“Valid = True picture（真实图景）”。
Reliability esults when repeated. Reliable studies can be replicated and yield similar findings. Think 'Reliable = Repeatable'.
信度：一种方法在重复时是否产生一致结果。可靠的研究可被复制并得出相似结果。联想“Reliable = Repeatable（可重复）”。
Ethics: Moral principles guiding research, such as informed consent, confidentiality and avoiding harm. Ethical research protects participants.
伦理：指导研究的道德原则，如知情同意、保密和避免伤害。合乎伦理的研究保护参与者。
8. Sociological Theories Overview | 社会学理论概述
Functionalism: A consensus theory that sees society as a system of interdependent parts, each performing functions to maintain stability. It uses an organic analogy – society works like a body. Key thinkers: Durkheim, Parsons. Memory hook: Functionalists ask 'What function does it serve?'
功能主义：一种共识理论，将社会视为互相依赖的部分组成的系统，每个部分行使功能以维持稳定。它使用有机类比——社会像身体一样运作。关键思想家：迪尔凯姆、帕森斯。记忆钩子：功能主义者问“它行使何种功能？”
Marxism talism exploits workers and will eventually be overthrown. Key thinker: Karl Marx. Memory: 'Marx = Class conflict'.
马克思主义：一种冲突理论，关注资产阶级（资本所有者）和无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级斗争。它认为资本主义剥削工人，并终将被推翻。关键思想家：卡尔·马克思。记忆：“马克思 = 阶级冲突”。
Feminism: A conflict perspective that highlights gender inequality and patriarchy. Feminists argue that society is structured to benefit men and disadvantage women. Different strands include liberal, radical and Marxist feminism.
女性主义：一种冲突视角，强调性别不平等和父权制。女性主义者认为社会结构有利于男性而不利于女性。不同流派包括自由主义、激进和马克思主义女性主义。
Interactionism . Unlike large-scale theories, it examines everyday behaviour. Key thinker: Mead. Remember 'Interaction = Actions and reactions'.
互动论：一种微观理论，关注小规模社会互动以及如何通过标签和解释创造意义。与大规模理论不同，它考察日常行为。关键思想家：米德。记住“互动 = 行动与反应”。
9. Culture, Subculture and Diversity | 文化、亚文化与多样性
Subculture: A group within a wider culture that shares distinctive norms, values and lifestyles, such as goths, skaters or religious youth groups. They are not anti-society but offer alternative ways of belonging.
亚文化：更广泛文化内的一个群体，共享独特的规范、价值观和生活方式，如哥特族、滑板族或宗教青年团体。他们并非反社会，而是提供另类的归属方式。
Cultural diversity: The variety of cultures and subcultures within a society, based on ethnicity, religion, region or lifestyle. It reflects a pluralistic society where multiple ways of life co-exist.
文化多样性：社会中各种文化和亚文化的多样性，基于民族、宗教、地区或生活方式。它反映了一个多元社会，多种生活方式共存。
Multiculturalism: A policy or perspective that values cultural diversity and promotes equal respect for different ethnic and cultural groups. It opposes assimilation and supports minority rights.
多元文化主义：一种重视文化多样性、促进对不同民族和文化群体平等尊重的政策或视角。它反对同化，支持少数群体权利。
Globalisation flows. It spreads ideas and products worldwide but can also threaten local cultures. Think 'Global = worldwide links'.
全球化：通过经济、文化和技术流动，社会日益相互关联。它在全球传播理念和产品，但也可能威胁地方文化。联想“全球 = 世界联系”。
Identity and ethnicity: Ethnic identity refers to a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, shaped by shared ancestry, language, religion or tradition. It interacts with other identities such as gender and class.
身份认同与种族：种族身份认同指对族群的一种归属感，由共同的血统、语言、宗教或传统塑造。它与性别、阶级等其他身份交织。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图