📚 Year 11 Edexcel Biology: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology is half the battle in Edexcel GCSE Biology. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized chunks, using mnemonics, word roots and visual associations to help you recall them quickly in the exam. Each term is presented with a clear English explanation followed by a matching Chinese explanation, making it ideal for both native speakers and EAL learners aiming for top grades.
攻克术语是 Edexcel GCSE 生物考试成功的一半。本指南将核心词汇拆解成小块，利用助记法、词根和视觉联想，帮助你在考场上快速回忆。每个术语都配有清晰的英文解释和对应的中文解释，适合英语母语者，也适合需要同时巩固中英双语的 EAL 学习者冲击高分。
1. Cell Biology Essentials | 细胞生物学基础术语
Cell organelles are the building blocks of the entire subject. The word 'organelle' itself means 'little organ'. Recognising the job of each part through its name or a simple image can save precious minutes in the exam.
细胞器是整个学科的基石。“organelle”一词本身就意为“小器官”。通过名称或简单图像来认清每个部分的功能，能在考试中为你节省宝贵时间。
The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) has folded inner membranes called cristae. Picture 'mighty mitochondria' with lots of folded shelves to maximise surface area for aerobic respiration and ATP production.
线粒体（单数 mitochondrion，复数 mitochondria）具有折叠的内膜，称为嵴。想象“强大的线粒体”（mighty mitochondria），有许多折叠的搁板，以最大化有氧呼吸和产生 ATP 的表面积。
Ribosomes are tiny structures that read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins. Think of 'ribo-somes' as 'ribbon-bodies' that weave a protein ribbon from amino acid beads.
核糖体是解读 mRNA 并将氨基酸组装成蛋白质的微小结构。可以把“ribosome”想象成“ribbon-body”（丝带小体），用氨基酸珠子编织出蛋白质丝带。
The nucleus is the control centre containing DNA. Associate 'nucleus' with 'nucleus of a nut' – the core that holds all the genetic instructions, much like the kernel of a seed.
细胞核是包含 DNA 的控制中心。将“nucleus”与“坚果的核心”（nucleus of a nut）联系起来——它像种子的仁一样，储存着全部遗传指令。
2. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与继承术语
Edexcel questions frequently ask you to distinguish between genotype and phenotype, or to explain why two heterozygous parents can produce an offspring with a recessive trait. Clarity on these words comes from their Greek and Latin roots.
Edexcel 考题经常要求区分基因型和表现型，或解释为何两个杂合子的父母能生出隐性性状的后代。理清这些词汇可以从希腊和拉丁词根入手。
An allele is a variant form of a gene. 'Allele' sounds like 'alternate leaf'; just as leaves on a branch may differ slightly, alleles are alternative versions of the same genetic 'branch'.
等位基因是基因的变体形式。“allele”读音类似“alternate leaf”（交替的叶子）；正如枝上的叶片可能稍有差异，等位基因是同一遗传“枝条”上的不同版本。
Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait. 'Homo-' means 'same', so homozygous = same alleles. Heterozygous means two different alleles; 'hetero-' means 'different'.
纯合子（homozygous）指某一性状具有两个相同等位基因。“homo-”意为“相同”，因此 homozygous = 相同等位基因。杂合子（heterozygous）指两个不同等位基因；“hetero-”意为“不同”。
Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the physical expression. 'Geno-type' focuses on 'gene-type', and 'pheno-type' on 'phenomenon-type' – the observable phenomenon.
基因型是遗传组成，表现型是物理表现。“geno-type”紧盯“gene-type”（基因类型）；“pheno-type”则看“phenomenon-type”（现象类型）——即可观察到的现象。
3. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化系统术语
Enzyme names often end in '-ase', and their substrates share a common root. Recognising these patterns turns a long list of enzymes into a manageable code.
酶的名称常以“-ase”结尾，其底物也常共享词根。识别这些规律，就能把一长串酶变成可掌控的密码。
The active site is the specific region where the substrate binds. Imagine a 'keyhole' (active site) that only fits a specific 'key' (substrate). The induced-fit model reminds us that the site moulds around the substrate like a snug glove.
活性部位是底物结合的特定区域。想象一个“钥匙孔”（活性部位），只能接受特定的“钥匙”（底物）。诱导契合模型告诉我们，活性部位像贴紧的手套一样包裹底物。
Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. 'Amyl-' comes from the Latin 'amylum' for starch. Protease breaks down proteins. 'Prote-' points to protein. Lipase digests lipids. 'Lip-' refers to fat or oil.
淀粉酶（amylase）将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。“amyl-”源于拉丁语“amylum”（淀粉）。蛋白酶（protease）分解蛋白质，“prote-”指向蛋白。脂肪酶（lipase）消化脂质，“lip-”表示脂肪或油脂。
Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH alters the shape of the active site permanently. Think 'de-nature' – the enzyme loses its natural shape, like an egg white that cannot un-cook.
变性（denaturation）指高温或极端 pH 永久改变活性部位的形状。想象“de-nature”（去自然）——酶失去其天然形状，就像煮熟的蛋清无法复原。
4. Circulation and Gas Exchange | 循环与气体交换术语
The heart, blood vessels and lungs contain many words that appear complex but can be decoded by breaking them into smaller parts.
心脏、血管和肺脏包含许多看似复杂的词汇，但通过拆分成小部分就能破译。
Haemoglobin is the red pigment in red blood cells that binds oxygen. 'Haemo-' refers to blood, 'globin' to a protein. When oxygen attaches, it becomes oxyhaemoglobin. The prefix 'oxy-' signals oxygen.
血红蛋白（haemoglobin）是红细胞中结合氧气的红色色素。“haemo-”指血液，“globin”指蛋白质。当氧气附着后，就形成氧合血红蛋白（oxyhaemoglobin）。前缀“oxy-”表示氧气。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; both 'artery' and 'away' start with 'a'. Veins carry blood back to the heart; 'vein' and 'in' rhyme, reminding you blood goes in to the heart.
动脉（artery）将血液带离心脏；“artery”和“away”都以“a”开头。静脉（vein）将血液送回心脏；“vein”与“in”押韵，暗示血液返回心脏。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Think of 'alveoli' as 'alveolar grapes' – clusters of thin-skinned sacs that maximise surface area for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
肺泡（alveoli）是肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊。把“alveoli”想象成“肺泡葡萄”——一簇簇薄壁气囊，最大限度地增加了氧气和二氧化碳扩散的表面积。
5. Plant Structures and Transport | 植物结构与运输术语
Plants have their own vascular system: xylem and phloem. Edexcel requires you to link structure to function, and the names themselves provide clues.
植物有自己的维管系统：木质部和韧皮部。Edexcel 要求你将结构与功能联系起来，而名称本身就提供了线索。
Xylem transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves. The word 'xylem' sounds like 'zylum' and can be remembered as 'xylo-phone' – water moves up the plant like mallets moving up a xylophone. Xylem vessels are strengthened by lignin and are dead when functional.
木质部（xylem）将水和矿物离子从根部运送到叶片。“xylem”读音类似“zylum”，可记为“xylo-phone”（木琴）——水沿着植物上升，如同木槌在木琴上移动。木质部导管由木质素加固，功能成熟时已是死细胞。
Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids in a process called translocation. 'Phloem' shares 'phlo' with 'flow'; imagine food flowing down the phloem sieve tubes from where it is made to where it is needed.
韧皮部（phloem）通过一个称为输导的过程运输蔗糖和氨基酸。“phloem”中的“phlo”与“flow”（流动）相似；想象食物在韧皮部筛管中流动，从制造处运往需要处。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata. 'Trans-' means across, and '-spiration' relates to breathing, just as plants 'breathe out' water vapour. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
蒸腾作用（transpiration）是水蒸气通过气孔从叶片散失的过程。“trans-”意为跨越，“-spiration”与呼吸相关，好比植物“呼出”水蒸气。保卫细胞控制着气孔的开闭。
6. Nervous and Endocrine Coordination | 神经与内分泌协调术语
The nervous system and hormones often appear in comparisons. Understanding the difference between a synapse and a hormone receptor is key.
神经系统和激素常以对比形式出现。理解突触和激素受体的区别是关键。
A synapse is the gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters diffuse. Imagine 'synapse' as 'snap' – the electrical impulse cannot snap across the gap, so it throws chemical messengers instead.
突触（synapse）是两个神经元之间的间隙，神经递质在此扩散。把“synapse”想成“snap”（折断）——电冲动无法跃过间隙，于是便投掷化学信使。
A reflex arc is the shortest nerve pathway for a rapid, involuntary response. Picture an 'arc' as a curved shortcut that bypasses the conscious brain, going straight from sensory to motor neuron via the spinal cord.
反射弧（reflex arc）是实现快速、不随意反应的最短神经通路。想象“弧”（arc）是一条绕过意识大脑的弧形捷径，经脊髓直接从感觉神经元传到运动神经元。
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the blood. 'Hormone' comes from Greek 'hormon' meaning 'to set in motion'. Adrenaline is the 'fight or flight' hormone; it sets your heart racing.
激素（hormone）是由内分泌腺分泌到血液中的化学信使。“hormone”源自希腊语“hormon”，意为“发动”。肾上腺素（adrenaline）是“战斗或逃跑”激素；它让心跳加速。
7. Disease and Immunity | 疾病与免疫术语
Pathogen, antigen and antibody are frequently confused. Edexcel expects you to use them precisely when explaining vaccination or the immune response.
病原体、抗原和抗体常被混淆。Edexcel 期望你在解释疫苗接种或免疫反应时能准确使用这些词汇。
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes infectious disease. 'Patho-' means disease, and '-gen' means producing. So a pathogen is literally a 'disease-producer'. Common examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists.
病原体（pathogen）是引起传染病的微生物。“patho-”意为疾病，“-gen”意为产生。因此 pathogen 的字面意思就是“疾病制造者”。常见例子包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。
An antigen is a protein marker on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response. Think 'anti-gen' as 'antibody-generator'. Each lymphocyte produces antibodies specific to the antigen's shape.
抗原（antigen）是病原体表面触发免疫反应的蛋白质标记。把“anti-gen”想成“antibody-generator”（抗体生成器）。每个淋巴细胞产生与抗原形状相匹配的特异性抗体。
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens, clumping or neutralising pathogens. 'Anti-body' literally means 'against-body' – they are the body's tailor-made soldiers. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of an antigen to stimulate memory lymphocytes.
抗体（antibody）是 Y 形蛋白质，与抗原结合，使病原体凝集或失活。“anti-body”字面意思就是“反抗体”——它们是身体量身定制的士兵。疫苗接种引入无害形式的抗原来刺激记忆淋巴细胞。
8. Ecology and Nutrient Cycles | 生态学与营养循环术语
Ecosystem vocabulary relies on feeding relationships and the fate of materials. Prefixes like 'bio-' and 'geo-' help unlock the meanings.
生态系统的词汇依赖于摄食关系和物质去向。前缀如“bio-”和“geo-”有助于解开含义。
A trophic level represents the position of an organism in a food chain. 'Trophic' comes from the Greek 'trophē', meaning 'nourishment'. Producers occupy the first trophic level, primary consumers the second, and so on.
营养级（trophic level）表示生物在食物链中的位置。“trophic”源自希腊语“trophē”，意为“营养”。生产者占据第一营养级，初级消费者为第二级，依此类推。
Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of a non-biodegradable substance in organisms at higher trophic levels. 'Bio-' means life, 'magni-' means large; the toxin becomes magnified in the food web. DDT is a classic Edexcel example.
生物放大作用（biomagnification）指不可生物降解物质在较高营养级生物体内的浓度递增。“bio-”意为生命，“magni-”意为变大；毒素在食物网中被“放大”。DDT 是 Edexcel 的经典例子。
In the carbon cycle, photosynthesis fixes CO₂ from the atmosphere into glucose, while respiration and combustion return CO₂. Remember that decomposition by microorganisms also releases carbon dioxide back into the air.
在碳循环中，光合作用将大气中的 CO₂ 固定为葡萄糖，而呼吸和燃烧将 CO₂ 返回。记住，微生物的分解作用也把二氧化碳释放回大气。
9. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | 基因工程与生物技术术语
Modern biology uses tools like restriction enzymes and plasmids. Their names reflect their functions; learning the word parts makes the whole process easier to recreate in an exam answer.
现代生物学用到限制酶和质粒等工具。它们的名称反映了功能；学习构词部分会让整个操作过程在考试作答时更容易重现。
A plasmid is a small, circular loop of DNA found in bacteria, used as a vector to transfer genetic material. 'Plasmid' sounds like 'plastic midget' – a tiny, circular piece of genetic 'plastic' that can be cut and pasted.
质粒（plasmid）是细菌中发现的小型环状 DNA，用作转移遗传物质的载体。可以把“plasmid”记成“plastic midget”（塑料小矮人）——一个可以被剪切粘贴的微小环状遗传“塑料片”。
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, leaving 'sticky ends'. DNA ligase then seals the foreign gene into the plasmid. The combination forms recombinant DNA – 'recombinant' means combining genetic material from different sources.
限制酶在特定的识别序列处切割 DNA，留下“黏性末端”。DNA 连接酶随后将外源基因封入质粒。组合产物形成重组 DNA（recombinant DNA）——“重组”意为将不同来源的遗传物质组合在一起。
In polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA is heated to separate strands, primers bind, and Taq polymerase builds new complementary strands. 'Polymerase' refers to polymer-making, and 'chain reaction' indicates exponential amplification.
在聚合酶链式反应（PCR）中，DNA 被加热解链，引物结合，Taq 聚合酶构建新的互补链。“polymerase”指制造聚合物，“chain reaction”表示指数级扩增。
10. Photosynthesis and Respiration – Comparative Terms | 光合作用与呼吸作用对比术语
Students often mix up the two reverse processes. Knowing the word equations and the meaning of 'limiting factor' can resolve most exam confusion.
学生常混淆这两个互逆过程。掌握文字方程式和“限制因子”的含义，能扫清大多数考试中的困惑。
ioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll. In symbols:
光合作用文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，利用叶绿素吸收的光能。符号表示如下：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
A limiting factor is a variable that slows the rate of a process when in short supply. For photosynthesis, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature can all be limiting factors. Picture a chain with three weak links; the weakest link limits the whole chain's strength.
限制因子是短缺时会减慢过程速率的变量。对光合作用而言，光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度都可能成为限制因子。想象一条有三个薄弱环节的锁链；最弱的一环限制了整条链的强度。
de + water. Anaerobic respiration in muscles produces lactic acid, causing cramps and oxygen debt. The word 'an-aerobic' means 'without oxygen' because 'an-' means 'without'.
有氧呼吸在线粒体中进行，释放大量 ATP：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。肌肉中的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，导致痉挛和氧债。“anaerobic”意为“无氧”，因为“an-”表示“没有”。
The compensation point is the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, so net gas exchange is zero. Remember 'compensation' as 'balance' – the plant is exactly breaking even.
补偿点是光合作用速率等于呼吸作用速率的光照强度，此时净气体交换为零。记住“compensation”（补偿）如同“天平平衡”——此时植物刚好收支相抵。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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