📚 Year 11 Edexcel Chemistry: Key Terms and Vocabulary Quick Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 化学：词汇术语速记指南
This bilingual glossary covers the essential terms you'll meet in Year 11 Edexcel Chemistry. Each term is explained first in English, followed by a matching Chinese translation, to help you memorise and understand the vocabulary actively used in exams.
这份双语词汇表覆盖了Year 11 Edexcel化学课程中的核心术语。每个术语先给出英文解释，再配有对应的中文翻译，帮助你在备考中主动记忆并理解考试中常用的词汇。
1. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.
原子：元素中能够参与化学反应的最小粒子。它由包含质子和中子的原子核，以及分层排列的核外电子组成。
Element: a substance made up of only one type of atom. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons (atomic number).
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物。同种元素的所有原子具有相同的质子数（原子序数）。
Proton: a positively charged sub‑atomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1.
质子：原子核中带正电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量约为1。
Neutron: a neutral sub‑atomic particle (no charge) found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1.
中子：原子核中不带电的亚原子粒子，相对质量约为1。
Electron: a negatively charged sub‑atomic particle that moves around the nucleus in electron shells, with a relative mass of about 1/1840.
电子：带负电荷的亚原子粒子，在电子层中绕核运动，相对质量约为1/1840。
Isotope: atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
同位素：同种元素中质子数相同而中子数不同的原子，因此它们的质量数不同。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon‑12.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：某种元素一个原子的加权平均质量与一个碳‑12原子质量的1/12的比值。
Group: a vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell and similar chemical properties.
族：周期表中的纵列。同一族元素的最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。
Period: a horizontal row in the periodic table. The period number gives the number of occupied electron shells.
周期：周期表中的横行。周期数等于该行元素已占据的电子层数。
2. Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bond: a strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non‑metal.
离子键：带相反电荷的离子之间的强静电吸引力，由金属将电子转移给非金属而形成。
Covalent bond: a shared pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms, holding the atoms together.
共价键：两个非金属原子之间共用一对电子，从而将原子结合在一起的化学键。
Metallic bond: the strong electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
金属键：由规则排列的金属阳离子与离域电子形成的“电子海”之间的强静电吸引力。
Ion: a charged particle formed when an atom (or group of atoms) loses or gains electrons. Cations are positive, anions are negative.
离子：原子（或原子团）失去或获得电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子带正电，阴离子带负电。
Giant ionic lattice: a regular three‑dimensional arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions, giving high melting and boiling points.
巨型离子晶格：由正、负离子交替排列构成的规则三维结构，导致熔、沸点很高。
Simple molecular substance: a substance made of small molecules with weak intermolecular forces between them, such as water or chlorine.
简单分子物质：由小分子组成的物质，分子间存在微弱的分子间作用力，例如水或氯气。
Polymer: a very long molecule built from many small repeating units (monomers) joined by covalent bonds.
聚合物：由大量重复的小单元（单体）通过共价键连接而成的超长分子。
Allotrope: different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state, e.g. diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
同素异形体：同一种元素在同一物理状态下可以存在的不同结构形式，例如金刚石和石墨是碳的同素异形体。
3. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
Mole nce. One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant).
摩尔：物质的量的国际单位（SI单位）。1摩尔任何物质恰好包含6.02 × 10²³个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。
Molar mass (M): the mass of one mole of a substance, in grams per mole (g mol⁻¹). Numerically equal to the relative formula mass.
摩尔质量 (M)：1摩尔物质的质量，单位为克每摩尔 (g mol⁻¹)。数值上等于相对式量。
Law of conservation of mass: the total mass of the products of a chemical reaction equals the total mass of the reactants; atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
质量守恒定律：化学反应中，生成物的总质量等于反应物的总质量；原子既不会凭空产生，也不会凭空消失。
Empirical formula: the simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
经验式：化合物中各元素原子的最简整数比。
Molecular formula: the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
分子式：一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目。
Concentration: the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution, often expressed in mol dm⁻³ or g dm⁻³.
浓度：单位体积溶液中溶解的溶质的量，常用 mol dm⁻³ 或 g dm⁻³ 表示。
Atom economy e desired product, calculated as (mass of desired product / total mass of reactants) × 100%.
原子经济：衡量反应物总质量中有多少进入了目标产物，计算公式为 (目标产物质量 / 反应物总质量) × 100%。
Percentage yield: the actual mass of product obtained compared with the maximum theoretical mass, expressed as a percentage.
百分产率：实际所得产品质量与最大理论产量的比值，以百分数表示。
4. Chemical Changes and Reactions | 化学反应与变化
Acid: a substance that forms H⁺ ions when dissolved in water. Aqueous acids have a pH less than 7.
酸：溶于水时产生H⁺离子的物质。酸性水溶液的pH小于7。
Base: a substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Soluble bases are called alkalis; they produce OH⁻ ions in water.
碱：能够与酸中和生成盐和水的物质。可溶的碱称为苛性碱，在水溶液中产生OH⁻离子。
pH scale: a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 indicating the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A low pH means high concentration of H⁺ ions.
pH标度：范围0到14的对数标度，表示溶液的酸碱性。pH越低，H⁺离子浓度越高。
Neutralisation: a reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Oxidation: originally defined as gain of oxygen. In terms of electrons, oxidation is the loss of electrons.
氧化：最初定义为得氧。在电子转移上，氧化是指失去电子。
Reduction: originally defined as loss of oxygen. In terms of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons.
还原：最初定义为失氧。在电子转移上，还原是指得到电子。
Redox reaction: a reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
氧化还原反应：氧化和还原同时发生的化学反应。
Displacement reaction: a reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound.
置换反应：较活泼的元素将较不活泼的元素从其化合物中置换出来的反应。
Thermal decomposition: the breakdown of a compound by heating, e.g. metal carbonates break down into metal oxide and carbon dioxide.
热分解：通过加热使化合物分解的反应，例如金属碳酸盐加热分解为金属氧化物和二氧化碳。
5. Electrolysis | 电解
Electrolysis: the decomposition of an ionic compound when molten or in aqueous solution by passing an electric current through it.
电解：将直流电通入熔融态或水溶液中的离子化合物使其分解的过程。
Electrolyte: an ionic compound that is molten or dissolved in water and can conduct electricity, undergoing decomposition at the electrodes.
电解质：处于熔融状态或溶于水时能导电并发生电解分解的离子化合物。
Cathode: the negatively charged electrode where reduction (gain of electrons) takes place. Metal ions and hydrogen ions are discharged here.
阴极：带负电的电极，发生还原反应（得电子）。金属离子和氢离子在此放电。
Anode: the positively charged electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place. Non‑metal ions are discharged here.
阳极：带正电的电极，发生氧化反应（失电子）。非金属离子在此放电。
Inert electrode: an electrode that does not react with the electrolyte or products, e.g. graphite or platinum.
惰性电极：不与电解质或产物发生反应的电极，如石墨或铂。
Half‑equation lectron transfer at one electrode during electrolysis, e.g. 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻ at the anode.
半方程式：表示电解过程中某一电极上电子转移的方程式，例如阳极反应：2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻。
6. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
Exothermic reaction: a reaction that transfers thermal energy from the reaction mixture to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. The products have less energy than the reactants.
放热反应：反应混合物向周围环境释放热能的反应，导致温度升高。生成物的能量低于反应物的能量。
Endothermic reaction: a reaction that absorbs thermal energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. The products have more energy than the reactants.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收热能的反应，导致温度降低。生成物的能量高于反应物的能量。
Activation energy (Eₐ): the minimum amount of energy that colliding particles must have for a reaction to occur.
活化能 (Eₐ)：碰撞的粒子能够发生反应所必须具备的最低能量。
Reaction profile: a diagram showing the energy change during a reaction, with labels for reactants, products, activation energy and overall energy change (ΔH).
反应历程图：表示反应过程中能量变化的示意图，标注了反应物、生成物、活化能及整体的能量变化（ΔH）。
Bond energy: the energy required to break one mole of a given covalent bond in the gaseous state, or the energy released when that bond forms. Used to calculate ΔH.
键能：在气态下断裂1摩尔某种共价键所需的能量，或形成该键时释放的能量，常用于计算ΔH。
7. Rates of Reaction and Equilibrium | 反应速率与平衡
Rate of reaction: the speed at which reactants are converted into products, measured as the change in amount of a reactant or product per unit time.
反应速率：反应物转化为生成物的快慢，通过单位时间内反应物或生成物的量的变化来衡量。
Collision theory: for a reaction to happen, reactant particles must collide with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy and with the correct orientation.
碰撞理论：要发生化学反应，反应物粒子必须发生碰撞，且碰撞能量不小于活化能，同时碰撞方向适当。
Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed or used up, by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
催化剂：能够加快反应速率而自身在化学反应前后质量和化学性质不变的物质，它提供了活化能更低的反应路径。
Reversible reaction: a reaction that can proceed in both the forward and backward directions, represented by the sign ⇌.
可逆反应：既能正向进行又能逆向进行的反应，用符号 ⇌ 表示。
Equilibrium: the state in a reversible reaction when the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
动态平衡：可逆反应中，正反应速率与逆反应速率相等，反应物和生成物的浓度不再改变的状态。
Le Chatelier's principle: if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the position of equilibrium shifts to oppose the change.
勒夏特列原理：如果改变影响平衡的一个条件（浓度、压强或温度），平衡将向减弱这种改变的方向移动。
8. Organic Chemistry – Hydrocarbons | 有机化学——碳氢化合物
Crude oil: a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient marine organisms. It is a finite resource.
原油：一种复杂的碳氢化合物混合物，由远古海洋生物遗体经数百万年形成，是一种有限资源。
Fractional distillation: a process used to separate crude oil into fractions with different boiling ranges, carried out in a fractionating column.
分馏：在分馏塔中将原油分离成不同沸点范围的馏分的物理过程。
Alkane: a saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, containing only single covalent bonds. Methane (CH₄) is the simplest.
烷烃：饱和碳氢化合物，通式为CₙH₂ₙ₊₂，分子中只含有单键。甲烷（CH₄）是最简单的烷烃。
Alkene: an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon‑carbon double bond (C=C). The general formula for alkenes with one double bond is CₙH₂ₙ.
烯烃：不饱和碳氢化合物，至少含有一个碳碳双键 (C=C)。含一个双键的烯烃通式为CₙH₂ₙ。
Cracking: a process that breaks long‑chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful alkanes and alkenes, using heat and a catalyst (catalytic cracking) or steam (steam cracking).
裂化：将长链烃分解为更短、更有用的烷烃和烯烃的过程，采用加热和催化剂（催化裂化）或蒸汽（蒸汽裂化）。
Addition polymerisation: a reaction in which many small alkene molecules (monomers) join together to form a very long saturated chain (polymer).
加成聚合：大量小分子烯烃（单体）通过打开双键相互连接形成超长饱和链（聚合物）的反应。
9. Organic Chemistry – Functional Groups | 有机化学——官能团
Functional group: an atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic chemical properties of an organic compound. For example, the hydroxyl group –OH defines alcohols.
官能团：决定有机化合物特征化学性质的原子或原子团，例如羟基 –OH 决定醇的性质。
Alcohol: a homologous series containing the –OH functional group. General formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH. Ethanol can be produced by fermentation or hydration of ethene.
醇：含有 –OH 官能团的同系物，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH。乙醇可通过发酵或乙烯水合制得。
Carboxylic acid: a homologous series with the –COOH functional group. They are weak acids. Ethanoic acid is found in vinegar.
羧酸：含有 –COOH 官能团的同系物，属于弱酸。乙酸是醋的主要成分。
Ester: a compound formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, with a characteristic sweet smell. The functional group is –COO–.
酯：由醇与羧酸反应生成的化合物，具有特殊的甜味或果香味，官能团为 –COO–。
Combustion: oxidation reaction with oxygen that releases heat and light. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces CO₂ and H₂O; incomplete combustion can produce CO or carbon.
燃烧：与氧气发生的放热发光氧化反应。烃的完全燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O，不完全燃烧可能产生 CO 或碳。
Homologous series: a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by a CH₂ unit.
同系物：具有相同官能团和相似化学性质的一系列有机化合物，相邻成员之间相差一个 CH₂ 单元。
10. Earth and Atmosphere Chemistry | 地球与大气化学
Evolution of the atmosphere: early Earth's atmosphere contained mainly carbon dioxide, with little oxygen. Oxygen levels increased because of photosynthesis by algae and plants, leading to the formation of the modern atmosphere.
大气的演变：早期地球大气主要成分为二氧化碳，几乎不含氧气。由于藻类和植物的光合作用，氧气含量逐渐上升，形成了现代大气。
Greenhouse gas: a gas that traps infrared radiation in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane are key examples.
温室气体：在大气中能捕获红外辐射，导致温室效应的气体，如二氧化碳、水蒸气和甲烷。
Carbon footprint: the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service, or event.
碳足迹：一个产品、服务或事件在整个生命周期中排放的二氧化碳和其他温室气体的总量。
Atmospheric pollutants: substances released into the air that cause harm, such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) causing acid rain, and particulates causing global dimming and health issues.
大气污染物：排放到空气中造成危害的物质，如二氧化硫（SO₂）导致酸雨，颗粒物导致全球变暗和健康问题。
Potable water: water that is safe to drink. It is not pure in a chemical sense but contains low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Desalination and sewage treatment are used to produce potable water.
饮用水：可以安全饮用的水，在化学意义上并不纯净，但含有极低浓度的溶解盐和微生物。通过海水淡化或污水处理可以制取饮用水。
11. Chemical Analysis | 化学分析
Pure substance: a single element or compound with a fixed composition. In everyday language 'pure' may mean nothing added, but in chemistry it means a single substance.
纯物质：成分固定的单一元素或化合物。日常生活中“纯”可能指没有添加物，但化学中指的是单一物质。
Formulation: a complex mixture designed as a useful product with specific properties, e.g. paint, medicine, and alloys.
配方：经过设计、具有特定性能的有用混合物，如油漆、药物和合金。
Chromatography: a technique used to separate mixtures of soluble substances. A mobile phase moves over a stationary phase, separating components based on their different affinities.
色谱法：用于分离可溶性混合物的技术。流动相通过固定相，根据不同组分对两相亲和力的差异实现分离。
Rf value: retention factor, calculated as distance moved by substance divided by distance moved by solvent front. Used to identify compounds in chromatography.
Rf值：比移值，等于组分移动距离除以溶剂前沿移动距离，用于色谱鉴定物质。
Flame test: a qualitative test in which a sample is heated in a flame and the characteristic colour identifies certain metal ions, e.g. sodium gives a yellow flame.
焰色反应：将样品在火焰中加热，通过特征颜色鉴别某些金属离子的定性测试，例如钠呈现黄色火焰。
Precipitation: the formation of a solid (precipitate) when two solutions react. Used to test for halide ions with silver nitrate.
沉淀：两种溶液反应时生成固体（沉淀）的过程，用于用硝酸银检验卤离子。
12. Using Resources | 资源利用
Sustainability: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In chemistry, this involves using renewable resources and reducing waste.
可持续性：既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力。化学中涉及使用可再生资源并减少废料。
Alloy: a mixture of a metal with at least one other element, usually another metal. Alloys are often harder than pure metals due to disrupted layers of atoms.
合金：一种金属与至少一种其他元素（通常是另一种金属）的混合物。由于原子层排列被打乱，合金通常比纯金属更硬。
Corrosion: the gradual destruction of a metal by chemical reaction with substances in the environment, such as oxygen and water. Rusting is the corrosion of iron.
腐蚀：金属与环境中的物质（如氧气和水）发生化学反应而逐渐损耗的过程。铁的生锈即为腐蚀。
Recycling: the process of collecting and processing waste materials to make new products. Recycling metals saves energy and finite resources.
回收：收集并处理废料以制造新产品的过程。回收金属可以节约能源和有限资源。
Life cycle assessment (LCA): a technique to evaluate the environmental impact of a product across its entire life, from raw material extraction to disposal.
生命周期评估 (LCA)：评估一个产品从原材料获取到最终处置的整个生命周期内环境影响的技术。
Phytomining: using plants to absorb metal compounds from soil, then burning the plants to produce ash from which metals can be extracted.
植物采矿：利用植物从土壤中吸收金属化合物，然后焚烧植物产生灰分，再从中提取金属。
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