📚 Year 10 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | CAIE 工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is essential for Year 10 CAIE students aiming to excel in both written papers and practical assessments. This guide groups key terms by topic and pairs each definition with a simple memory aid, helping you build confidence and recall them accurately under exam conditions.
掌握工程词汇对于十年级 CAIE 学生至关重要，无论是应对笔试还是实操考核。本速记指南按主题分组列出核心术语，并为每个定义搭配简易记忆法，助你在考试时自信、准确地回忆。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile Strength – The maximum pulling stress a material can withstand before fracturing. Think of 'tensile' like 'tension' in a stretched rubber band.
抗拉强度 – 材料在拉伸断裂前能承受的最大拉应力。联想“拉力”，如同拉紧的橡皮筋。
Compressive Strength – Ability to resist crushing loads. Imagine a concrete pillar supporting a heavy roof – it works in compression.
抗压强度 – 抵抗压溃载荷的能力。想象混凝土柱支撑沉重的屋顶——它承受压缩。
Hardness – Resistance to indentation or scratching. Remember 'hard as a diamond' for the Mohs scale.
硬度 – 抵抗压痕或划痕的能力。用“钻石般坚硬”来记忆莫氏硬度。
Toughness – Energy absorbed before fracture (combination of strength and ductility). Think of a tough rubber hammer that absorbs impact without breaking.
韧性 – 断裂前吸收的能量（强度与延性的结合）。好比橡胶锤吸收冲击而不断裂。
Ductility – Ability to be drawn into a wire. The Latin root 'duct' means to lead or pull; copper is highly ductile.
延展性（延性） – 能被拉成丝线的能力。拉丁词根“duct”意为引导或拉拔，铜的延性极佳。
Malleability – Ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. 'Malleus' is Latin for hammer – think of gold leaf.
可锻性（展性） – 能锤击或轧制成薄片而不开裂的能力。“Malleus”在拉丁语中意为锤子，金箔就是例子。
Brittleness – Tendency to fracture with little or no plastic deformation. Glass is brittle; it snaps suddenly.
脆性 – 几乎不产生塑性变形就断裂的倾向。玻璃是脆性材料，会突然折断。
Elasticity – Ability to return to original shape after load removal. Like an elastic band stretching and recovering.
弹性 – 卸载后恢复原状的能力。如同橡皮筋拉伸后回弹。
Plasticity – Permanent deformation after the yield point. Moulding clay shows plasticity – it keeps the new shape.
塑性 – 屈服点之后产生的永久变形。塑性黏土被塑形后保持新形状。
Fatigue – Weakening due to repeated cyclic loading. Think of bending a paperclip back and forth until it breaks.
疲劳 – 因反复循环加载而导致的弱化。像反复弯折回形针直到它断裂。
Creep – Slow, permanent deformation under constant stress at high temperature. 'Creep' like something creeping over time, noticeable in turbine blades.
蠕变 – 高温下恒定应力引起的缓慢永久变形。“Creep”如同时间推移在潜行，常见于涡轮叶片。
2. Forces and Stresses | 力与应力
Stress – Internal force per unit area, σ = F / A. Think of 'stress' as how hard the atoms are pushing back internally.
应力 – 单位面积上的内力，σ = F / A。把“应力”想象成原子内部推回的剧烈程度。
Strain – Extension per original length, ε = ΔL / L. 'Strain' is the stretch percentage.
应变 – 单位原长的伸长量，ε = ΔL / L。“应变”就是拉伸的百分比。
Young's Modulus – Measure of stiffness; slope of the stress–strain graph in the elastic region. Higher E means stiffer material.
杨氏模量 – 度量刚度的参数；弹性区内应力-应变图的斜率。E值越高，材料越刚硬。
Shear Stress – Force parallel to the cross-sectional area, like scissors cutting paper.
剪切应力 – 平行于截面的力，如同剪刀剪纸。
Torsion – Twisting stress, often seen in shafts. 'Torsion' sounds like 'torque' applied along an axis.
扭转 – 扭曲应力，常见于传动轴。“Torsion”听起来像沿轴线施加的扭矩。
Bending Moment – Internal moment causing a beam to bend. Imagine a shelf sagging under books.
弯矩 – 导致梁弯曲的内力矩。想象书架在书籍重压下凹陷。
Load – External force applied to a structure. Could be point load, distributed load, or dynamic load.
载荷 – 施加在结构上的外力。可分为集中载荷、分布载荷或动载荷。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – Pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. 'Cast' as in making a statue by pouring metal.
铸造 – 将熔融金属浇入模具后凝固。“Cast”如同浇铸金属塑像。
Forging – Shaping metal using compressive forces, often while hot. A blacksmith's hammering is forging.
锻造 – 利用压缩力（常趁热）使金属成形。铁匠锤打即为锻造。
Welding – Joining metals by melting the interface and adding filler. The arc welder fuses pieces together.
焊接 – 熔化接合面并添加填充金属以连接金属。电弧焊将工件熔合在一起。
Brazing vs. Soldering – ture (>450°C) and a stronger filler; soldering is lower temperature for electronics. Think 'soldering=silvery soft'.
钎焊与锡焊 – 钎焊温度更高（>450°C），填料强度大；锡焊温度低，用于电子线路。“锡焊”联想“锡”的熔点低。
Machining – Removing material with cutting tools (turning, milling, drilling). 'Machine' subtracts chips.
机械加工 – 用刀具切除材料（车削、铣削、钻削）。“机械加工”是切屑的过程。
Turning – Workpiece rotates while a single-point cutter removes material; produces cylindrical shapes. Like a pottery wheel for metal.
车削 – 工件旋转，单刃车刀切除材料；产生圆柱外形。就像金属版的陶轮。
Milling – Rotating multi-tooth cutter moves across workpiece. 'Mill' grinds down surfaces.
铣削 – 旋转多齿刀具在工件上移动。联想“mill”把表面铣平。
Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) – Building parts layer by layer from a digital model. Opposite of cutting away material.
增材制造（3D打印） – 从数字模型逐层构建零件。与切削去除材料的思路相反。
4. Mechanical Components | 机械部件
Gear – Toothed wheel transmitting torque and rotation. Gear ratio alters speed and force. 'Gear up' means faster output.
齿轮 – 传递扭矩与旋转的带齿轮子。齿轮比改变转速与力。“增速”意为输出更快。
Pulley – Wheel on a shaft supporting a belt or rope, changes direction of force. Think of flagpole pulley system.
滑轮 – 轴上支撑皮带或绳索的轮子，改变力的方向。想象旗杆滑轮组。
Lever – Rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum to amplify force. Three classes of levers: remember 'FLE' (Fulcrum-Load-Effort) for Class 1.
杠杆 – 绕支点转动的刚性杆，放大作用力。三类杠杆：用“支点-负载-力”顺序记忆第一类杠杆。
Cam – Rotating or sliding piece converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion. Egg-shaped cam in engine valves.
凸轮 – 旋转或滑动件，将旋转运动转换为往复运动。发动机气门的蛋形凸轮。
Bearing – Supports rotating shafts, reducing friction. Ball bearings use rolling elements.
轴承 – 支撑旋转轴、减少摩擦的部件。滚珠轴承利用滚动体。
Shaft – Long cylindrical element transmitting torque; often coupled with gears and pulleys.
轴 – 传递扭矩的长圆柱构件，常与齿轮和滑轮配合。
Spring – Elastic element storing mechanical energy. Compression, tension, and torsion springs common.
弹簧 – 储存机械能的弹性元件。常见压簧、拉簧和扭簧。
5. Electronics Basics | 电子基础
Resistance (R) – rent flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Remember the hose analogy: narrow pipe = high resistance.
电阻 (R) – 阻碍电流流动，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。用软管类比：细管=高电阻。
Voltage (V) – Electrical potential difference that drives current. Think of it as 'electrical pressure'.
电压 (V) – 驱动电流的电位差。可视为“电的压力”。
Current (I) – Flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). 'I' comes from 'intensité', the French word for intensity.
电流 (I) – 电荷的流动，单位为安培 (A)。符号 I 源自法语“intensité”。
Ohm's Law – V = I × R. Cover the quantity you need: triangle method helps.
欧姆定律 – V = I × R。遮盖你要求的量，三角记忆法很有效。
Circuit – Closed loop for current to flow. Series circuits share current; parallel circuits share voltage.
电路 – 电流流动的闭合环路。串联分流，并联分压。
LED (Light Emitting Diode) – Semiconductor that emits light; must be connected with correct polarity. Longer leg is positive.
发光二极管 (LED) – 发光的半导体，必须正确连接极性。长脚为正极。
Switch – ens or closes a circuit. SPST = single pole single throw; SPDT = single pole double throw.
开关 – 使电路断开或闭合。SPST 表示单刀单掷，SPDT 表示单刀双掷。
6. Measurement and Tolerance | 测量与公差
Tolerance – Permissible variation from a specified dimension. A tight tolerance means very little deviation. Think of a 'tolerable' margin.
公差 – 允许相对规定尺寸的变动量。紧公差意味着偏差极小。“公差”就是可“容忍”的偏差。
Clearance Fit – Shaft always smaller than hole, allowing free movement. 'Clear' means there's a gap.
间隙配合 – 轴总小于孔，允许自由运动。“Clear”指有间隙。
Interference Fit – Shaft slightly larger than hole, creating tight joint. Parts must be pressed together.
过盈配合 – 轴略大于孔，形成紧配合。零件需压入装配。
Vernier Caliper – Precision measuring tool for inside, outside, and depth dimensions. Read the main scale plus the vernier scale.
游标卡尺 – 用于测量内径、外径和深度的精密量具。读数为主尺加游标尺。
Micrometer – Measures thickness with very high accuracy (0.01 mm). The thimble and barrel scales give the reading.
千分尺（螺旋测微器） – 以极高精度（0.01 mm）测量厚度。套管和微分筒刻度提供读数。
Gauge – Reference tool for checking dimensions or form, e.g., a Go/No-Go gauge quickly checks tolerance limits.
量规 – 检查尺寸或形状的基准工具，如通止规快速检验公差极限。
7. Engineering Drawing Symbols | 工程图符号
Orthographic Projection – 2D views (front, top, side) of a 3D object. Remember 'ortho' means straight, projecting lines perpendicular to planes.
正投影 – 三维物体的二维视图（主视图、俯视图、侧视图）。“正”指投影线垂直于投影面。
Isometric Drawing – 3D representation where axes are 120° apart. 'Iso' means equal; angles are equal.
等轴测图 – 轴线互成120°的三维示意图。“等”指角度相等。
Section View – Shows internal details by cutting through the part. Hatching indicates solid material cut.
剖视图 – 通过切开零件显示内部细节。剖面线表示被切到的实体材料。
Dimension Lines – Indicate exact size and location. Use extension lines and arrowheads; always show clear measurements.
尺寸线 – 标示精确尺寸和位置。使用延伸线和箭头，务必显示清晰的测量结果。
Scale – Ratio of drawing size to actual size. 1:2 means half size; 2:1 means double size.
比例 – 图样尺寸与实际尺寸之比。1:2 表示缩小一半，2:1 表示放大一倍。
Surface Finish Symbol – Indicates required surface roughness. A check mark with numerical value in micrometres.
表面粗糙度符号 – 标示要求的表面粗糙度。带数值（微米）的勾号符号。
8. CAD/CAM & Automation | CAD/CAM 与自动化
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – Software for precision 2D/3D design. Think 'drafting on screen'.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) – 用于精确二维/三维设计的软件。可视为“屏幕绘图”。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) – Software that generates toolpaths to machine parts. CAD draws it, CAM makes it.
计算机辅助制造 (CAM) – 生成加工刀具路径的软件。CAD 设计，CAM 制造。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) – Automated machine tools controlled by code. G-code commands specify movements.
计算机数控 (CNC) – 由代码操控的自动化机床。G 代码指令指定动作。
Rapid Prototyping – Quick fabrication of a physical part using 3D printing; accelerates design testing.
快速成型 – 利用3D打印快速制造实体零件，加快设计验证。
Automation – Use of control systems to operate machinery with minimal human intervention. Robots on assembly lines are automation.
自动化 – 利用控制系统操作机器，减少人工干预。流水线上的机器人即自动化应用。
9. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Energy – Capacity to do work, measured in joules (J). Potential energy (stored) and kinetic energy (motion).
能量 – 做功的能力，单位焦耳 (J)。势能（储存）和动能（运动）。
Power – Rate of doing work, joules per second (watt, W). Power = Work done / Time taken.
功率 – 做功的快慢，单位瓦特 (W)。功率 = 做功 / 时间。
Efficiency – Useful output power divided by input power, often given as a percentage. No machine is 100% efficient; think of heat losses.
效率 – 有用输出功率与输入功率之比，常用百分比表示。无机器效率为100%，总有热损。
Torque – Rotational force, unit newton-metre (N·m). 'Twisting' force; torque wrenches apply measured twist.
扭矩 – 旋转力，单位牛顿·米 (N·m)。即“扭转”力，扭矩扳手施加可控扭力。
RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) – Unit of rotational speed. High RPM means fast rotation; combined with torque for power.
转每分 (RPM) – 转速单位。高 RPM 意味着旋转快，结合扭矩可算功率。
10. Safety and Quality | 安全与质量
Risk Assessment – Identifying hazards and implementing controls. The 5-step process: identify, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks, record, review.
风险评估 – 识别危害并实施控制措施。五步法：识别、确定受影响者、评估风险、记录、复审。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – Gear like goggles, gloves, and steel-toe boots. Remember the acronym – it protects 'you'.
个人防护装备 (PPE) – 如护目镜、手套和安全鞋等装备。记住首字母缩写，它保护的是“个人”。
Quality Control (QC) – Checking products against specifications, often using sampling and inspection.
质量控制 (QC) – 对照规范检查产品，常用抽样与检验。
Quality Assurance (QA) – Process-oriented approach to prevent defects. QA builds quality into the system.
质量保证 (QA) – 以过程为导向预防缺陷。QA 将质量融入体系。
ISO Standards – International benchmarks for quality and safety management (e.g., ISO 9001 for quality).
ISO 标准 – 质量与安全管理的国际基准，如 ISO 9001 质量体系。
Tolerance and Precision – Already covered, but in quality context, it refers to the acceptable range ensuring fit and function.
公差与精度 – 前文已述，在质量语境下指保证配合与功能的可接受范围。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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