📚 Year 11 CCEA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | CCEA 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Psychology has its own language, and the CCEA Year 11 exam expects you to be fluent in key terms. Using vivid memory tricks will help you lock definitions into your long-term memory and recall them under pressure. This guide provides paired English–Chinese mnemonics for every essential term, grouped by topic, so you can study smart and walk into the exam hall with confidence.
心理学有自己的语言，CCEA 十一年级考试要求你熟练运用关键术语。使用生动的记忆窍门，能把定义牢牢锁进长时记忆，并在考试压力下顺利提取。这份指南按主题为每个必备术语提供了中英配对的速记技巧，让你聪明地学习，自信地走进考场。
1. Research Methods & Variables | 研究方法与变量
All psychological investigations rest on how we measure and manipulate behaviour. Nail these foundation terms and you will instantly strengthen your evaluation of every study you meet.
所有的心理学研究都建立在我们如何测量和操纵行为之上。抓住这些基础术语，你就能立即提升对每一个研究的评价能力。
Independent Variable (IV): The factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Remember: 'I change the IV' — the 'I' is independent.
自变量 (IV): 研究者主动改变或操纵的因素。记忆法："我 (I) 独立地改变它，所以叫 IV"。
Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome that is measured; it depends on the IV. Memory aid: 'DV depends on IV' — think of a dog depending on its owner.
因变量 (DV): 被测量的结果；它依赖于自变量。记忆法："DV 依赖 IV"，就像宠物依赖主人一样。
Operationalisation: Clearly defining variables in a way that makes them measurable. Picture an "operation manual" that tells you exactly how to run the variable.
操作化: 以可测量的方式清晰地定义变量。想象一份"操作手册"，精确地告诉你如何运行这个变量。
Extraneous Variable: Any extra variable that might affect the DV if not controlled. Think 'extra-neous' — extra noise you want to shut out.
额外变量: 任何未加以控制就可能影响因变量的多余变量。联想 "extra-neous" —— 你想要关掉的额外杂音。
Confounding Variable: An uncontrolled extraneous variable that actually messes up the results, making you confused about what caused the effect.
混淆变量: 一个未受控制的额外变量，真正搅乱了结果，让你搞不清楚到底是什么造成了效应。
2. Experimental Designs & Controls | 实验设计与控制
Choosing how to allocate participants is crucial for validity. Learn these design terms with simple images so you never mix them up.
选择如何分配参与者对效度至关重要。用简单的图像来学习这些设计术语，就绝不会混淆。
Independent Groups Design: Different participants are used in each condition, like two separate islands that never meet.
独立组设计: 每种实验条件下使用不同的参与者，就像是两个永不碰面的独立岛屿。
Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions. Mnemonic: they 'repeat' the experience.
重复测量设计: 同一批参与者参加所有条件。记忆法：他们"重复"了经历。
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired up on key traits (like twins), then one from each pair does each condition. Think 'match made in the lab'.
配对设计: 根据关键特质将参与者配成对（像双胞胎），每对中一人做一种条件。联想"实验室里的天作之合"。
Counterbalancing: Used in repeated measures to control order effects — often an ABBA pattern. Remember the pop group ABBA balancing the sequence.
平衡抵消: 在重复测量中用来控制顺序效应，常用 ABBA 模式。记法：想象 ABBA 乐队在平衡歌单顺序。
Random Allocation: Assigning participants to conditions purely by chance, like pulling names out of a hat, to avoid bias.
随机分配: 纯粹偶然地将参与者分入不同条件，像从帽子里抽名字，以避免偏差。
3. The Multi-Store Model of Memory | 多储存记忆模型
Atkinson and Shiffrin's model describes how information flows through three stores. Use sensory snapshots and number tricks to keep them straight.
Atkinson 与 Shiffrin 的模型描述了信息如何流经三个储存系统。用感官快照和数字窍门把它们梳理清楚。
Sensory Register: Very brief, modality-specific storage (iconic for vision, echoic for sound). Mnemonic: 'Snap, it's gone' — a snapshot that fades instantly unless you pay attention.
感觉登记: 极短暂、通道特定的储存（图像记忆 for 视觉，声像记忆 for 听觉）。记忆法："咔嚓，消失了" —— 一张快照，除非你留意，否则瞬间褪去。
Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds about 7±2 items for 18–30 seconds. Picture 'seven sheep' jumping a fence for 20 seconds.
短时记忆 (STM): 保持大约 7±2 个项目，持续 18–30 秒。想象"七只羊"跳栅栏跳了 20 秒。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Potentially unlimited capacity and duration. 'LTM = Long Time Memory' — it lasts forever once encoded deeply.
长时记忆 (LTM): 容量和持续时间潜在无限。"LTM = 长时间记忆" —— 一旦深度编码，就永久保存。
Encoding in STM vs LTM: STM mainly uses acoustic (sound) coding, while LTM prefers semantic (meaning) coding. Remember: 'Sounds Stay Short, Meaning Moves Long'.
短时与长时记忆编码: 短时记忆主要使用听觉（声音）编码，而长时记忆偏好语义（意义）编码。记法："声音停留短暂，意义迁移长远"。
4. Everyday Memory & Forgetting | 日常记忆与遗忘
Memory isn't perfect — interference, context and suggestion shape what we recall. These terms appear throughout the crime and eyewitness topics, so give them a mental 'crime scene' setting.
记忆并不完美 —— 干扰、情境和暗示塑造着我们回忆的内容。这些术语在犯罪与目击者专题中反复出现，所以给它们一个"犯罪现场"背景来记忆。
Proactive Interference: Old learning disrupts recall of new information. Think 'PRO-active' — the past PROceeds to block the new.
前摄干扰: 旧知识干扰新信息的回忆。联想 "PRO-active" —— 过去（PRO）抢先阻断新知。
Retroactive Interference: New learning disrupts recall of old information. 'RETRO' — the new goes backwards to mess up the old.
倒摄干扰: 新知识干扰旧信息的回忆。"RETRO" —— 新知向后倒退搞乱旧知。
Context-Dependent Forgetting: Recall is better when the environment matches the learning context. Police take witnesses back to the scene for a reason!
情境依赖遗忘: 当环境与学习情境匹配时，回忆效果更好。警察把目击者带回现场是有原因的！
Leading Question: A question that suggests a particular answer, e.g. 'How fast were the cars going when they smashed?' The word 'smashed' leads you to estimate higher speed.
引导性问题: 暗示特定答案的提问，例如"当车子撞碎时速度有多快？" "撞碎"一词引导你给出更高的速度估计。
False Memory: A fabricated or distorted recollection of an event, often created by suggestion. Picture a Wikipedia page that anyone can edit.
虚假记忆: 对事件的捏造或歪曲
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