📚 Year 11 Eduqas Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is the bridge between theory and practical application. This quick guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for Year 11 Eduqas Engineering into manageable, bite-sized sections, helping you recall each term with confidence in your exams and coursework.
掌握工程术语是连接理论与实践的桥梁。这份速记指南将 Year 11 Eduqas 工程的核心词汇分解成易学好记的模块，帮助你在考试和课程作业中自信地回忆每一个术语。
1. Material Properties | 材料性能
Hardness: The ability of a material to resist indentation, scratching, or wear. Hard materials are often used for cutting tools.
硬度：材料抵抗压痕、划伤或磨损的能力。硬质材料常用于制造切削工具。
Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing. Tough materials resist impact loads well.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不发生断裂的能力。韧性好的材料抗冲击性能强。
Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before necking and breaking. Measured in N/m² or Pa.
抗拉强度：材料在被拉伸时，出现颈缩并断裂前所能承受的最大应力，单位为 N/m² 或 Pa。
Ductility: The extent to which a material can be drawn into a wire without losing strength. Copper is highly ductile.
延展性：材料被拉拔成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性极好。
Malleability: The ability of a material to be pressed or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Aluminium is very malleable.
可锻性：材料被锤击或滚轧成薄片而不开裂的能力。铝的可锻性很强。
Elasticity: The property of returning to original shape after the deforming force is removed. Rubber and spring steel show good elasticity.
弹性：撤去变形外力后，材料恢复原有形状的性能。橡胶和弹簧钢具有良好的弹性。
Plasticity: The ability to undergo permanent deformation without rupture. This is essential for metal forming processes.
塑性：材料发生永久变形而不破裂的能力。这在金属成形工艺中至关重要。
Fatigue: The weakening of a material caused by repeated loading and unloading, leading to crack formation and eventual failure.
疲劳：材料因反复加载和卸载而逐渐弱化，导致裂纹产生并最终失效的现象。
2. Common Engineering Materials | 常见工程材料
Ferrous Metals: Metals containing iron, such as cast iron and carbon steel. They are generally magnetic and prone to rust.
黑色金属：含有铁元素的金属，如铸铁和碳钢。它们通常具有磁性且容易生锈。
Non-ferrous Metals: Metals without iron, like aluminium, copper, and titanium. They resist corrosion and are often lightweight.
有色金属：不含铁的金属，如铝、铜和钛。它们耐腐蚀且通常重量较轻。
Alloy metal, designed to improve properties (e.g., stainless steel = iron + chromium + nickel).
合金：由两种或两种以上元素（至少一种金属）组成的混合物，旨在改善性能（如不锈钢 = 铁 + 铬 + 镍）。
Thermoplastics: Polymers that can be reheated and reshaped multiple times, such as ABS and acrylic. They are widely recyclable.
热塑性塑料：可反复加热重塑的高分子材料，如 ABS 和亚克力，回收性良好。
Thermosetting Plastics: Polymers that set permanently after heating, like epoxy resin and melamine. They cannot be remoulded.
热固性塑料：加热后永久定形的高分子材料，如环氧树脂和三聚氰胺，不可再次模塑。
Composite: A material made by combining two or more distinct constituents to obtain superior properties (e.g., carbon fibre reinforced polymer).
复合材料：将两种或多种不同组分结合以获得更优异性能的材料（如碳纤维增强聚合物）。
Ceramic: Inorganic, non-metallic solids often used for their heat resistance and hardness, like alumina and silicon carbide.
陶瓷：无机非金属固体材料，常用因其耐热性和高硬度，如氧化铝和碳化硅。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: Pouring molten metal into a mould cavity and allowing it to solidify. Sand casting and die casting are typical examples.
铸造：将熔融金属浇注到模具型腔中并使其凝固。砂型铸造和压铸是典型例子。
Forging: Shaping metal using compressive forces, often at high temperature, which refines grain structure and increases strength.
锻造：利用压缩力使金属成形，通常在高温下进行，能细化晶粒并提高强度。
Extrusion: Forcing material through a die to create long shapes with a constant cross-section, like tubes and rails.
挤压：迫使材料通过模具，形成具有恒定截面形状的长条产品，如管材和导轨。
Injection Moulding: Heating thermoplastic granules and injecting them into a mould under high pressure to produce complex plastic parts.
注塑成型：加热热塑性颗粒并在高压下将其注入模具，以生产复杂的塑料零件。
CNC Machining: Using computer numerical control to remove material from a workpiece with high precision, based on CAD data.
数控加工：利用计算机数字控制，根据 CAD 数据对工件进行高精度材料去除。
Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): Building objects layer by layer from a digital model, often using plastics, resins, or metal powders.
增材制造（3D 打印）：根据数字模型逐层构建物体，常用塑料、树脂或金属粉末。
Welding: Joining two metal parts by melting the edges and adding a filler material, using heat and sometimes pressure.
焊接：通过熔化连接边并添加填充材料，利用热量（有时加上压力）将两个金属件连接起来。
4. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Lever ted about a fulcrum, used to amplify an input force. Moment = force × distance from pivot.
杠杆：一根绕支点转动的刚性杆，用于放大输入力。力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。
Pulley: A wheel with a grooved rim carrying a rope, used to change the direction of a force or gain mechanical advantage.
滑轮：一个带有凹槽轮的轮子，穿绕绳索，用于改变力的方向或获得机械效益。
Gear Train: A system of meshing gears that transmit rotary motion and torque. The gear ratio determines speed and torque changes.
齿轮系：一组相互啮合的齿轮，传递旋转运动和转矩。齿轮比决定速度和转矩的变化。
Cam and Follower: A mechanism converting rotary motion into reciprocating (up-and-down) motion. The shape of the cam controls the follower movement.
凸轮与从动件：将旋转运动转换为往复运动的机构。凸轮的形状控制从动件的运动。
Linkage: A system of rigid rods connected by joints, used to transmit motion and force. Treadle linkages and parallel motions are common.
连杆机构：由铰链连接的刚性杆系统，用于传递运动和力。脚踏连杆和平行连杆是常见形式。
Mechanical Advantage (MA) tio of output force to input force. For a lever, MA = effort arm length / load arm length.
机械效益（MA）：输出力与输入力之比。对于杠杆，机械效益 = 动力臂长度 / 阻力臂长度。
Velocity Ratio (VR): The ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time interval.
速比（VR）：在相同时间内，动力移动的距离与负载移动的距离之比。
5. Electronic and Electrical Systems | 电子与电气系统
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference that pushes current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电压（V）：推动电流通过电路的电位差，单位为伏特 (V)。
Current (I): The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). 1 A = 1 coulomb per second.
电流（I）：电荷的流动，单位为安培 (A)。1 A = 每秒钟 1 库仑。
Resistance (R): The opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s law states V = I × R.
电阻（R）：对电流流动的阻碍，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律为 V = I × R。
Ohm's Law ationship V = I × R. It is used to calculate voltage, current, or resistance in a circuit.
欧姆定律：基本关系式 V = I × R，用于计算电路中的电压、电流或电阻。
V = I × R
Capacitor: A component that stores electrical energy in an electric field, measured in farads (F). It blocks DC and allows AC.
电容器：在电场中储存电能的元件，单位为法拉 (F)。它能隔断直流、导通交流。
Diode: A semiconductor device allowing current to flow in one direction only. Used for rectification and circuit protection.
二极管：只允许电流单向导通的半导体器件，用于整流和电路保护。
Transistor: A semiconductor component used as a switch or amplifier. It can control a large current with a small base current.
晶体管：用作开关或放大器的半导体元件，可用小基极电流控制大电流。
Potential Divider: A circuit using two resistors in series to provide a fraction of the input voltage. Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)).
分压器：利用两个串联电阻获得输入电压的一部分。Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂))。
6. CAD/CAM and Engineering Drawing | CAD/CAM 与工程制图
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Using software to create precise 2D drawings or 3D models of components and assemblies.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：使用软件创建精确的 2D 图纸或 3D 零件及装配体模型。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): Using software to control machine tools for automated manufacturing directly from CAD data.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：利用软件控制机床，直接根据 CAD 数据进行自动化加工。
Orthographic Projection: A method of representing a 3D object using multiple 2D views (front, side, top) aligned in the third angle.
正投影：使用多个对齐的 2D 视图（主视图、侧视图、俯视图）来表示三维物体的方法，常用第三角投影法。
Isometric Drawing: A pictorial drawing method where all three axes appear equally foreshortened at 120° angles, giving a 3D appearance.
等轴测图：一种立体绘图方法，三条轴呈 120° 且等比例缩短，呈现 3D 效果。
Dimensioning: Adding accurate measurements to a drawing, including linear, angular, and radial dimensions with tolerances.
尺寸标注：在图纸上添加精确的测量值，包括线性、角度和径向尺寸，并带有公差。
Tolerance: The permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. For example, 50 ± 0.1 mm.
公差：物理尺寸允许的变动量，例如 50 ± 0.1 mm。
Surface Finish: The texture or smoothness of a manufactured surface, often indicated on drawings with special symbols.
表面粗糙度：加工表面的纹理或光滑程度，通常在图纸上用专用符号标注。
7. Quality Assurance and Testing | 质量保证与测试
Quality Assurance (QA): A system to ensure that products meet specified requirements through planned processes and inspections.
质量保证 (QA)：通过规划流程和检验，确保产品满足规定要求的体系。
Quality Control (QC): The actual inspection and testing of products to check if they conform to standards, often using sampling.
质量控制 (QC)：对产品进行实际检验和测试，以检查是否符合标准，通常采用抽样方式。
Go / No-Go Gauge: A simple pass-fail inspection tool that checks whether a part dimension is within tolerance without measuring the exact value.
通规/止规：一种只判断合格或不合格的简易检具，无需测出准确值即可检查零件尺寸是否在公差内。
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Examining a material or component without causing damage, using methods like ultrasonic or dye penetrant testing.
无损检测 (NDT)：不损伤材料或构件的检测方法，如超声波检测和着色渗透检测。
Destructive Testing: Testing that damages or breaks a sample to measure properties like tensile strength, hardness, or impact resistance.
破坏性测试：通过损坏或断裂试样来测量抗拉强度、硬度或冲击韧性等性能的测试。
Calibration: Comparing a measuring instrument against a known standard to ensure accuracy. Regular calibration is vital in QA.
校准：将测量仪器与已知标准进行比对以确保准确性。在 QA 中定期校准至关重要。
8. Structures and Forces | 结构与力
Tension: A force that pulls materials apart, extending the member. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension.
拉力：将材料拉开的力，使杆件伸长。悬索桥缆索承受拉力。
Compression: A force that pushes materials together, shortening the member. Columns in a building experience compression.
压力：将材料压在一起的力，使杆件缩短。建筑物支柱承受压力。
Shear: A force that causes layers of a material to slide past each other. Rivets and bolts are subjected to shear.
剪切力：使材料各层发生相对滑动的力。铆钉和螺栓承受剪切力。
Torsion: A twisting force that applies a torque to a component. Drive shafts are designed to resist torsion.
扭转：对构件施加扭矩的扭转力。传动轴需设计得能抵抗扭转。
Bending: A combination of tension and compression caused by a lateral load. Beams undergo bending stress.
弯曲：由横向载荷引起的拉力和压力组合。梁承受弯曲应力。
Equilibrium: A state where all forces and moments acting on a body are balanced, resulting in no acceleration.
平衡：作用在物体上的所有力和力矩相互抵消，不产生加速度的状态。
Strain: The deformation per unit length, defined as extension / original length. It has no units but is often given as a percentage.
应变：单位长度的变形量，定义为伸长量 / 原始长度。无单位，通常以百分比表示。
Stress = Force / Area
9. Energy, Power and Efficiency | 能源、动力与效率
Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by a moving body. For a mass m moving at speed v, KE = ½ × m × v².
动能：运动物体所具有的能量。质量为 m、速度为 v 时，KE = ½ × m × v²。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): Energy stored by an object due to its height above the ground. GPE = m × g × h.
重力势能 (GPE)：物体因高于地面而储存的能量。GPE = m × g × h。
Power : The rate of doing work or transferring energy, measured in watts (W). Power = Work done / Time taken.
功率：做功或传递能量的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。功率 = 做功 / 时间。
Efficiency total input power, usually expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (Output / Input) × 100%.
效率：有用输出功率（或能量）与总输入功率之比，通常以百分比表示。效率 = (输出 / 输入) × 100%。
Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are not depleted by use, such as solar, wind, and hydro. Essential for sustainable engineering.
可再生能源：来自不会因使用而耗尽的能源，如太阳能、风能和水能，对可持续工程至关重要。
Non-renewable Energy: Finite resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Their combustion produces greenhouse gases.
不可再生能源：有限的资源，如煤、石油和天然气。其燃烧产生温室气体。
Torque e on an object, equivalent to force × perpendicular distance from pivot, expressed in N·m.
扭矩：作用在物体上的转动力度量，等于力 × 到转动轴的垂直距离，单位为 N·m。
10. Engineering Design and Systems | 工程设计与系统
Input: The signal or energy entering a system. A sensor detecting temperature provides an input to a control unit.
输入：进入系统的信号或能量。检测温度的传感器向控制单元提供输入。
Process: The part of a system that manipulates the input to produce a desired outcome, such as a microcontroller comparing sensor data.
处理：系统中对输入进行操作以产生预期结果的部分，例如微控制器比较传感器数据。
Output: The action or signal resulting from the process, such as a motor turning or a heater activating.
输出：处理产生的动作或信号，例如电机转动或加热器启动。
Feedback: Returning part of the output back to the input to modify system behaviour, used for precision and stability.
反馈：将输出的一部分返回到输入端以修正系统行为，用于提高精度和稳定性。
Open-loop System: A control system with no feedback; output is purely based on input commands. Washing machine timers are open-loop.
开环系统：无反馈的控制系统，输出完全基于输入指令。洗衣机定时器是开环的。
Closed-loop System: A system that uses feedback to compare actual output with desired output and automatically corrects errors.
闭环系统：利用反馈将实际输出与期望输出进行比较并自动纠正误差的系统。
Sustainable Design: Creating products that minimise environmental impact throughout their lifecycle, considering materials, energy, and disposal.
可持续设计：创建在整个生命周期内最小化环境影响的产品，综合考虑材料、能源和废弃处理。
Rapid Prototyping: Quickly fabricating a scale model of a physical part using 3D printing to test form, fit, and function.
快速原型制造：利用 3D 打印快速制作物理零件的比例模型，用于检验形状、配合和功能。
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