📚 Eduqas PE Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | Eduqas体育词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in GCSE Physical Education is half the battle won. This quick-revision guide breaks down must-know vocabulary for the Year 11 Eduqas specification into bite-sized, bilingual explanations. Each term comes with a clear definition and a memory tip to help you recall it under exam pressure.
掌握 GCSE 体育的关键术语是考试成功的一半。本速记指南将 Year 11 Eduqas 考试大纲中必背的词汇拆解为精简的中英双语解释。每一个术语都配有清晰的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。
1. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute. During exercise, HR rises to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.
心率 (Heart Rate, HR) 指心脏每分钟跳动的次数。运动时，心率上升以便向工作的肌肉输送更多氧气。
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction. It increases as aerobic fitness improves.
每搏输出量 (Stroke Volume, SV) 是左心室每次收缩泵出的血量。随着有氧能力的提高，每搏输出量会增加。
Cardiac output (Q) is the total blood volume pumped by the heart per minute. The relationship is given by the formula:
Q = SV × HR
心输出量 (Cardiac Output, Q) 指心脏每分钟泵出的总血量，其计算公式为：心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率。记住Q就像「输出流量」。
2. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath. During exercise, it deepens to increase oxygen intake.
潮气量 (Tidal Volume, TV) 指一次正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的空气量。运动期间潮气量增加，以摄取更多氧气。
Minute ventilation (VE) in and out of the lungs per minute. It is calculated as VE = TV × breathing frequency (f).
每分钟通气量 (Minute Ventilation, VE) 是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量，计算公式为 VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen the body can utilise per minute, expressed in ml/kg/min. It is the gold-standard measure of aerobic endurance.
最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) 指身体每分钟所能利用的最大氧气量，以毫升/公斤/分钟为单位，是衡量有氧耐力的黄金指标。记忆要点：V代表容量，O₂代表氧气。
EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) is the extra oxygen intake after strenuous exercise to repay the oxygen deficit and remove lactic acid.
运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) 指剧烈运动后额外摄取的氧气，用于偿还氧亏并清除乳酸。常被称为「氧债」的现代说法。
3. Skeletal System & Joints | 骨骼系统与关节
Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus) act as levers for movement; flat bones (e.g. cranium, ribs) protect vital organs; short bones (e.g. carpals, tarsals) support weight-bearing; irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae) provide shape and protection.
长骨（如股骨、肱骨）充当运动的杠杆；扁骨（如颅骨、肋骨）保护重要器官；短骨（如腕骨、跗骨）承重；不规则骨（如椎骨）提供形状和支撑。
A hinge joint (elbow, knee) allows flexion and extension; a ball and socket joint (hip, shoulder) allows movement in many directions including rotation.
铰链关节（肘、膝）允许屈伸运动；球窝关节（髋、肩）允许多个方向的运动，包括旋转。记忆方法：铰链像门轴，球窝像研钵。
Flexion decreases the angle at a joint; extension increases it. Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction brings it back.
屈曲减小关节角度；伸展增大角度。外展将肢体移离身体中线；内收将其拉回。用「ab-离开」记忆外展。
4. Muscular System & Contractions | 肌肉系统与收缩
The agonist (prime mover) is the muscle that contracts to create movement; the antagonist relaxes to allow it. In a biceps curl, the biceps is the agonist and the triceps is the antagonist.
主动肌 (agonist) 是收缩产生动作的肌肉，拮抗肌 (antagonist) 则放松以配合动作。在二头弯举中，肱二头肌为主动肌，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。
Isotonic contraction involves muscle length change and visible joint movement. It can be concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens under tension).
等张收缩 肌肉长度改变且能看到关节运动，分为向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（肌肉在张力下拉长）。
Isometric contraction produces force without changing muscle length; no joint movement occurs. Holding a plank position is a classic example.
等长收缩 产生力量但肌肉长度不变，关节无运动。平板支撑是典型的等长收缩例子。
5. Movement Analysis & Planes of Motion | 动作分析与运动平面
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right; movements such as running and biceps curls occur here. The frontal plane divides body into front and back; star jumps and cartwheels use this plane. The transverse plane divides into top and bottom; a discus spin is a transverse movement.
矢状面 将身体分为左右两部分，跑步、二头弯举在此平面进行。冠状面（额状面） 将身体分为前后，开合跳、侧手翻在此平面。横切面 将身体分为上下，铁饼旋转动作即发生在横切面。
Each plane associates with an axis: sagittal plane moves around a frontal axis, frontal plane around a sagittal axis, and transverse plane around a longitudinal axis.
每个平面都有对应的轴：矢状面绕冠状轴运动，冠状面绕矢状轴运动，横切面绕纵向轴运动。记忆口诀「S-F, F-S, T-L」。
6. Principles of Training & Fitness Components | 训练原则与体能组成
Use the acronym SPORT to recall training principles: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. Overload is often applied using the FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.
用首字母缩略词SPORT记忆训练原则：Specificity（针对性）、Progression（渐进性）、Overload（超负荷）、Reversibility（可逆性）、Tedium（乏味性）。超负荷常通过FITT原则实现：频率、强度、时间、类型。
Health-related fitness components: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.
健康相关体能组成：心血管耐力、肌力、肌耐力、柔韧性、身体成分。
Skill-related fitness components: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed.
技能相关体能组成：灵敏性、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。记住「ABC-PRS」口诀。
7. Sports Psychology Key Words | 运动心理学关键词
Intrinsic motivation comes from within (e.g. enjoyment, personal satisfaction); extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards (e.g. trophies, praise).
内在动机来源于内心（如乐趣、自我满足）；外在动机来自外界奖励（如奖杯、表扬）。
Arousal is the level of mental and physical readiness. The inverted-U theory states that performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point; too much arousal causes decline.
唤醒水平是心理和身体的准备程度。倒U型理论认为，表现随唤醒水平提高而改善，到达最佳点后若再升高则表现下降。
Intrinsic feedback comes from the performer's own senses (kinaesthetic); extrinsic feedback comes from outside sources (coach, video). Knowledge of performance (KP) concerns the quality of movement; knowledge of results (KR) concerns the outcome (e.g. score).
内在反馈来自运动员自身感觉（动觉）；外在反馈来自外部来源（教练、视频）。表现反馈 (KP) 关乎动作质量；结果反馈 (KR) 关乎结果（如得分）。
8. Diet, Nutrition & Hydration | 饮食、营养与补水
Carbohydrates are the main energy source for moderate-to-high intensity exercise. Proteins support muscle repair and growth. Fats provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration activities.
碳水化合物是中高强度运动的主要能量来源。蛋白质支持肌肉修复与生长。脂肪为低强度长时间运动供能。
Carbohydrate loading is a strategy used before endurance events to maximise muscle glycogen stores.
糖原负荷法是在耐力比赛前通过饮食调整最大化肌糖原储存的策略。
Dehydration impairs both physical and mental performance. Maintaining hydration before, during and after exercise is essential. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium) aid fluid balance and muscle function.
脱水会损害身体和心理表现。运动前、中、后保持补水至关重要。电解质（钠、钾）帮助维持体液平衡和肌肉功能。
9. Socio-cultural Influences & Ethics | 社会文化影响与伦理
Commercialisation of sport involves turning sport into a commodity with sponsors, media rights and merchandise. Media influences the popularity, rules and scheduling of sports.
体育商业化指将体育转化为商品，涉及赞助、媒体版权和周边产品。媒体影响体育的受欢迎程度、规则和赛程安排。
Etiquette refers to unwritten rules of respectful behaviour in sport (e.g. shaking hands). Sportsmanship involves fair play and graciousness in winning or losing. Gamesmanship bends the rules without outright breaking them to gain an advantage (e.g. taking too long at a throw-in).
竞赛礼仪指体育中不须言明的尊重行为（如握手）。体育精神体现公平竞争和胜不骄败不馁。竞技取巧则钻规则空子获取优势，明显违规不算（如故意拖延掷界外球）。
Deviance in sport includes doping, match fixing and violence – actions that go against the law or the spirit of the game.
体育越轨行为包括使用兴奋剂、打假球和暴力行为，这些行为违反法律或体育精神。
10. Data, Graphs & Analysis | 数据、图表与分析
Mean is the average of all values. Median is the middle value when data are ordered. Mode is the most frequent value. Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values (max – min).
平均数（均值）是所有数值的平均。中位数是数据排序后位于中间的值。众数是出现频率最高的值。范围是最小值和最大值之差。
Quantitative data are numerical (e.g. heart rate, time); qualitative data are descriptive (e.g. coach comments on technique).
定量数据是数值型数据（如心率、时间）；定性数据是描述性数据（如教练对技术的评价）。
Data can be presented in bar charts (comparing categories), line graphs (showing change over time), and pie charts (showing proportions). Always read axis labels carefully.
数据可以用条形图（比较类别）、折线图（显示随时间变化）和饼图（显示比例）呈现。务必仔细查看轴标签。
11. Injury Prevention & Safety | 损伤预防与安全
The RICE method is the immediate treatment for soft tissue injuries: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Apply ice for about 20 minutes to reduce swelling.
RICE 急救法是软组织损伤的即时处理原则：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高。冰敷约20分钟以减轻肿胀。
Warm-up prepares the body gradually: pulse raiser, dynamic stretching, skill rehearsal. Cool-down includes low-intensity exercise and static stretching to aid recovery and remove waste products.
热身逐步让身体准备：心率提升、动态拉伸、技能演练。整理活动包含低强度运动和静态拉伸，帮助恢复和清除代谢废物。
PPE (pre-participation evaluation) and PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) are screening tools used to identify potential risks before starting an exercise programme.
运动前评估 (PPE) 和 体能活动适应能力问卷 (PAR-Q) 是开始训练计划前用于识别潜在风险的筛查工具。
12. Skill Acquisition & Feedback | 技能习得与反馈
Open skills are performed in unpredictable environments where conditions constantly change (e.g. a football pass). Closed skills are performed in stable, predictable settings (e.g. a gymnastics vault).
开放式技能在多变且不可预测的环境中执行（如足球传球）；闭锁式技能在稳定可预见的环境中执行（如跳马）。
Gross skills use large muscle groups and involve big movements (e.g. running); fine skills require precision and small muscle groups (e.g. dart throwing).
粗大动作技能动用大肌肉群并产生大幅度运动（如跑步）；精细动作技能需要精准控制小肌肉群（如飞镖投掷）。
Guidance for learners can be visual (demonstration), verbal (spoken instructions), manual (physical support) or mechanical (using aids like floats). Feedback can be concurrent (during performance) or terminal (after performance).
运动学习的指导方式有视觉指导（示范）、口头指导（讲述）、手法指导（身体扶持）和器械指导（如浮板）。反馈可以是同步反馈（动作进行时）或终末反馈（动作结束后）。
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