📚 CAIE Year 10 Computer Science: Essential Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | CAIE 十年级计算机科学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of computer science is the first step towards exam success and clear technical communication. This quick-reference guide collects over fifty core terms from the CAIE Year 10 syllabus, organised by topic. Each term appears with a focused English definition immediately followed by its Chinese translation and explanation, enabling fast review and deep memorisation for both native speakers and bilingual learners.
掌握计算机科学精确的词汇是在考试中取得成功和清晰进行技术交流的第一步。这份速记指南汇集了CAIE十年级教学大纲中五十多个核心术语，并按主题整理。每个术语先给出精炼的英文定义，紧接着提供中文翻译和解释，帮助母语学生和双语学习者快速复习并深度记忆。
1. Data Representation Terminology | 数据表示术语
Bit (Binary Digit): The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a logical state with a value of either 0 or 1. All digital information is built from bits.
比特（二进制位）：计算机中最小的数据单位，用0或1表示逻辑状态。所有数字信息都由比特构成。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, treated as a single unit of storage. One byte can represent 256 different values and is the basic addressable unit in most computer architectures.
字节：由8个比特组成的一组数据，视为一个存储单位。一个字节可以表示256种不同的值，在多数计算机体系结构中是最小的可寻址单元。
Nibble: A collection of 4 bits, or half a byte. Nibbles are convenient for representing a single hexadecimal digit (0–F).
半字节：4个比特的集合，即半个字节。半字节便于表示单个十六进制数字（0–F）。
Hexadecimal (Base‑16): A number system using sixteen distinct symbols: 0–9 and A–F. It provides a compact way to represent binary values, as each hex digit corresponds exactly to four bits.
十六进制：一种使用0–9和A–F共十六个符号的计数系统。它提供了一种表示二进制数值的紧凑方式，因为每个十六进制数字正好对应四个比特。
Colour Depth: The number of bits used to indicate the colour of a single pixel in a bitmap image. Common values are 1‑bit (monochrome), 8‑bit (256 colours), and 24‑bit (true colour, 16.7 million colours).
颜色深度：用于表示位图图像中单个像素颜色的比特数。常见值有1位（单色）、8位（256色）和24位（真彩色，约1670万色）。
Sample Rate: The number of samples taken per second when converting an analogue sound wave into a digital signal, measured in hertz (Hz). Higher sample rates capture more detail and produce better quality audio.
采样率：在将模拟声波转换为数字信号时，每秒采集的样本数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。采样率越高，捕获的细节越多，音频质量越好。
File Size (Image) colour depth in bits. This calculation does not include metadata or compression overheads.
文件大小（图像）：对于位图图像，文件大小可估算为：像素宽度 × 像素高度 × 颜色深度（比特）。该计算不包括元数据或压缩开销。
2. Computer Hardware Terminology | 计算机硬件术语
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The component of a computer that executes instructions and processes data. It contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU), and registers, and operates on the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle.
中央处理器（CPU）：计算机中执行指令和处理数据的部件。它包含算术逻辑单元、控制单元和寄存器，并遵循取指－解码－执行周期。
Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile, high‑speed memory that temporarily stores data and instructions currently in use by the processor. Contents are lost when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器（RAM）：易失性高速存储器，临时存放处理器当前正在使用的数据和指令。断电后内容丢失。
Read Only Memory (ROM): Non‑volatile memory that permanently stores firmware or boot instructions. Data in ROM is retained even when the computer is switched off.
只读存储器（ROM）：非易失性存储器，永久存放固件或启动指令。即使计算机关机，ROM中的数据依然保留。
Cache Memory: A small, extremely fast memory located close to or inside the CPU. It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the average time to access main memory.
高速缓存：一种靠近或位于CPU内部的小容量、极快存储器。它存放频繁访问的数据和指令，以缩短访问主存的平均时间。
Solid State Drive (SSD): A secondary storage device that uses flash memory to store data. SSDs have no moving parts, making them faster, quieter, and more durable than traditional magnetic hard disk drives.
固态硬盘（SSD）：一种使用闪存存储数据的辅助存储设备。SSD无移动部件，因此比传统磁性硬盘驱动器更快、更安静、更耐用。
Von Neumann Architecture: A computer design where program instructions and data share the same memory space and bus. Most modern computers follow this stored‑program concept.
冯·诺依曼架构：一种程序指令和数据共享同一内存空间和总线的计算机设计。大多数现代计算机都遵循这种存储程序概念。
3. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
System Software: Programs that manage the hardware and provide a platform for running application software. Examples include the operating system, utility programs, and device drivers.
系统软件：管理硬件并为应用软件提供运行平台的程序。例如操作系统、实用程序和设备驱动程序。
Operating System (OS): A collection of system software that controls hardware resources, manages files and memory, and provides a user interface. Common examples are Windows, macOS, and Linux.
操作系统（OS）：一套控制系统资源、管理文件和内存并提供用户界面的系统软件。常见例子有Windows、macOS和Linux。
Graphical User Interface (GUI): A visual interface that allows users to interact with the computer using windows, icons, menus, and a pointing device. GUIs are intuitive and user‑friendly.
图形用户界面（GUI）：一种允许用户通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针设备与计算机交互的可视界面。GUI直观易用。
Command Line Interface (CLI): An interface where users type text commands to perform tasks. CLI can be more resource‑efficient and powerful for expert users, but requires memorisation of command syntax.
命令行界面（CLI）：一种用户通过键入文本命令来执行任务的界面。CLI对专家用户来说可能更节省资源且功能强大，但需要记忆命令语法。
Virtual Memory: A memory management technique that uses part of the hard disk or SSD as an extension of RAM. It allows larger programs to run, but access is slower than physical RAM.
虚拟内存：一种将部分硬盘或固态硬盘当作RAM延伸的内存管理技术。它能运行更大的程序，但访问速度比物理RAM慢。
Defragmentation: A utility that rearranges fragmented files on a magnetic hard disk so that the parts of each file are stored in contiguous blocks, improving read/write performance.
磁盘碎片整理：一种将磁性硬盘上碎片化的文件重新排列、使每个文件的各部分存储在连续块中的实用程序，可提高读写性能。
Device Driver: A software component that allows the operating system to communicate with a specific hardware device, translating general OS commands into device‑specific instructions.
设备驱动程序：一种使操作系统能与特定硬件设备通信的软件组件，它将通用的OS命令转换为设备专用指令。
4. Network Basics | 网络基础
Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects computers over a small geographical area, such as a school or office building. LANs are typically owned by a single organisation and offer high data transfer rates.
局域网（LAN）：覆盖较小地理区域（如学校或办公楼）的网络。LAN通常由单一机构拥有，并具有较高的数据传输速率。
Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent. WANs connect multiple LANs and usually rely on public infrastructure, such as leased lines or satellites.
广域网（WAN）：跨越广阔地理区域（通常是一个国家或大陆）的网络。WAN连接多个LAN，通常依赖公共基础设施，如专线或卫星。
Client‑Server Model: A network architecture where clients request services and a central server provides them. The server manages resources, files, and security, while clients are individual user workstations.
客户端－服务器模型：一种客户端请求服务、中央服务器提供服务的网络架构。服务器管理资源、文件和安全，客户端是独立的用户工作站。
Peer‑to‑Peer (P2P) Network: A decentralised model where each computer can act as both client and server, sharing resources directly. No central server is required, but security management can be more challenging.
对等网络（P2P）：一种去中心化模型，每台计算机可同时作为客户端和服务器，直接共享资源。不需要中央服务器，但安全管理可能更具挑战性。
MAC Address: A unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communication on the physical network segment. It is usually a 48‑bit address written in hexadecimal format.
MAC地址：分配给网络接口控制器（NIC）的唯一标识符，用于物理网段上的通信。通常为48位地址，以十六进制格式书写。
Internet Protocol (IP) Address: A logical numeric label assigned to each device on a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IPv4 addresses are 32‑bit numbers often written as dotted decimals, while IPv6 uses 128‑bit addresses.
IP地址：分配给使用互联网协议进行通信的网络上每台设备的逻辑数字标签。IPv4地址是32位数字，常以点分十进制表示，而IPv6采用128位地址。
Router: A network device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It uses IP addresses to determine the best path for reaching a destination, connecting LANs to form a WAN or access the internet.
路由器：在计算机网络之间转发数据包的设备。它使用IP地址确定到达目的地的最佳路径，将LAN连接起来形成WAN或接入互联网。
5. Cybersecurity Terminology | 网络安全术语
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
恶意软件：旨在破坏、扰乱或未授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、木马和勒索软件。
Virus: A piece of code that attaches itself to a legitimate program or file and replicates when the host is executed. It often requires user interaction to spread and may corrupt or delete data.
病毒：一段附加到合法程序或文件上的代码，在宿主执行时进行自我复制。它通常需要用户交互才能传播，可能会损坏或删除数据。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where fraudulent communications, typically emails, appear to come from a trustworthy source to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords or credit card numbers.
网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，通过看似来自可信来源的欺诈性通信（通常是邮件），诱骗个人泄露密码或信用卡号等敏感信息。
Firewall: A security system, either hardware or software, that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, acting as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks.
防火墙：一种基于预设安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量的安全系统（硬件或软件），充当可信内部网络与不可信外部网络之间的屏障。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties with the correct decryption key can read it. It ensures data confidentiality during storage and transmission.
加密：使用算法和密钥将明文数据转换为密文的过程，只有拥有正确解密密钥的授权方才能读取。它确保数据在存储和传输过程中的机密性。
Brute‑Force Attack: A trial‑and‑error method used to obtain a password or decryption key by systematically checking all possible combinations until the correct one is found. Long and complex passwords increase the time needed for success.
暴力攻击：一种通过系统性地尝试所有可能组合来获取密码或解密密钥的试错方法。长而复杂的密码会延长攻击成功所需的时间。
Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: An attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users by overwhelming it with a flood of illegitimate requests.
拒绝服务（DoS）攻击：一种旨在关闭机器或网络，通过大量非法请求使其过载，导致合法用户无法访问的攻击。
6. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change during program execution. It must be declared with an identifier and a data type in most high‑level languages.
变量：内存中已命名的存储位置，其值在程序执行期间可以改变。在大多数高级语言中，变量必须用标识符和数据类型声明。
Constant: A named storage location whose value is fixed once assigned and cannot be modified by the program. Constants improve code readability and prevent accidental alteration of key values.
常量：一个已命名的存储位置，其值在赋值后固定，不可被程序修改。常量可提高代码可读性并防止意外更改关键值。
Integer: A data type representing whole numbers (positive, negative, or zero) without fractional parts. Common integer operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and integer division.
整数：表示没有小数部分的整数（正数、负数或零）的数据类型。常见整数运算包括加、减、乘和整除。
String: A data type used to represent a sequence of characters, often enclosed in quotation marks. Strings can store text, and many languages provide functions for concatenation, length, and substring extraction.
字符串：用于表示字符序列的数据类型，通常用引号括起。字符串可存储文本，许多语言提供连接、长度计算和子串提取等函数。
Selection: A programming construct that allows the execution path to branch based on a condition. It is typically implemented using IF, THEN, ELSE, and CASE/switch statements.
选择结构：一种根据条件分支执行路径的编程结构。通常使用IF、THEN、ELSE和CASE/switch语句实现。
Iteration (Loop): A construct that repeats a block of code while a condition is true or for a fixed number of times. Common loop types are FOR, WHILE, and REPEAT…UNTIL.
迭代（循环）：一种在条件为真或固定次数内重复执行代码块的结构。常见循环类型有FOR、WHILE和REPEAT…UNTIL。
Array: A data structure that can hold a fixed number of elements, all of the same data type, accessed by an index. Arrays allow efficient storage and manipulation of lists of data.
数组：一种可容纳固定数量、相同数据类型元素的数据结构，通过索引访问。数组可实现数据列表的高效存储和操作。
7. Algorithm and Pseudocode Concepts | 算法与伪代码概念
Algorithm: A step‑by‑step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem. Every algorithm must be well‑defined, have a finite number of steps, and produce an output.
算法：解决某个问题的一系列步骤或规则。每个算法必须定义明确、步骤有限并产生输出。
Pseudocode: A simplified, language‑independent notation that uses plain English and common programming constructs to describe an algorithm. It is not bound by strict syntax and is mainly used for planning and communication.
伪代码：一种使用简明英语和常见编程结构描述算法的简化、语言无关的记法。它没有严格的语法约束，主要用于规划和交流。
Trace Table: A table used to trace the execution of an algorithm by recording the values of variables at each step. It helps identify logical errors and verify that the algorithm works correctly.
追踪表格：一种通过记录每一步变量值来跟踪算法执行过程的表格。它有助于识别逻辑错误并验证算法是否正确工作。
Linear Search: A search algorithm that checks each element of a list in sequence until the target is found or the end of the list is reached. It does not require a sorted list but is inefficient for large datasets.
线性查找：一种顺序检查列表中每个元素，直到找到目标或到达列表末尾的查找算法。它不要求列表已排序，但对大数据集效率较低。
Binary Search: An efficient search algorithm that works on sorted lists by repeatedly comparing the target with the middle element and discarding half of the remaining elements each time.
二分查找：一种在已排序列表上高效工作的查找算法，它反复将目标与中间元素比较，每次舍弃剩余的一半元素。
Bubble Sort: A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until no swaps are needed.
冒泡排序：一种简单的排序算法，它多次遍历列表，比较相邻元素，若顺序错误则交换。重复遍历，直至无需交换为止。
Insertion Sort: A sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time. It takes each element and inserts it into its correct position within the already sorted part of the list.
插入排序：一种一次构建一个已排序项的排序算法。它取出每个元素，并将其插入到列表中已排序部分的正确位置。
8. Database Terminology | 数据库术语
Database: A structured collection of data stored electronically, organised to allow efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of records. Relational databases organise data into tables linked by keys.
数据库：以电子方式存储的结构化数据集合，经过组织以支持高效的记录检索、插入和删除。关系数据库将数据组织成由键链接的表。
Table: A set of data elements organised in rows and columns within a database. Each row represents a record, and each column represents a field or attribute.
表：数据库中按行和列组织的数据元素集合。每一行代表一条记录，每一列代表一个字段或属性。
Primary Key: A field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table. A primary key cannot contain null values and must be unique for every row.
主键：一个（或多个）能唯一标识表中每条记录的字段。主键不能包含空值，且每一行都必须唯一。
Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a link between the two tables. It enforces referential integrity.
外键：一个表中引用另一表主键的字段，从而在两个表之间建立链接。它强制参照完整性。
SQL (Structured Query Language): A standard programming language used to manage relational databases. SQL can be used to create tables, insert data, and perform queries such as SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
SQL（结构化查询语言）：一种用于管理关系数据库的标准编程语言。SQL可用于创建表、插入数据以及执行SELECT、UPDATE和DELETE等查询。
Validation: The automated process of checking that data entered meets certain rules before it is accepted. Examples include range checks, length checks, and format checks.
验证：在接收数据之前检查输入数据是否符合特定规则的自动过程。例子包括范围检验、长度检验和格式检验。
Verification: The process of ensuring that data has been accurately copied from one medium to another, usually through double entry or visual check. It does not check whether the data is correct, only that it matches the original.
核实：确保数据从一个介质准确复制到另一个介质的过程，通常通过双录入或目视检查。它不检查数据是否正确，只检查是否与原件一致。
9. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra | 逻辑门与布尔代数
Logic Gate: An elementary building block of a digital circuit that takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. The output depends solely on the logic function of the gate.
逻辑门：数字电路的基本构建模块，接收一个或多个二进制输入并产生单个二进制输出。输出完全取决于门的逻辑功能。
AND Gate ic gate that outputs 1 only when all of its inputs are 1. The Boolean expression for a two‑input AND gate can be written as Q = A AND B.
与门：仅当所有输入均为1时才输出1的逻辑门。二输入与门的布尔表达式可写作 Q = A AND B。
OR Gate e that outputs 1 if at least one of its inputs is 1. The Boolean expression is Q = A OR B.
或门：只要至少有一个输入为1就输出1的门。布尔表达式为 Q = A OR B。
NOT Gate he signal. If the input is 0 the output is 1, and vice versa. The expression is Q = NOT A.
非门：只有一个输入并将其取反的门。若输入为0则输出1，反之亦然。表达式为 Q = NOT A。
Truth Table: A table that lists all possible combinations of input values for a logic circuit and the resulting output. It is used to describe the behaviour of a logic gate or a combination of gates.
真值表：列出逻辑电路所有可能的输入组合及对应输出的表格。它用于描述一个逻辑门或门组合的行为。
Boolean Expression: A mathematical expression made up of Boolean variables, operators (AND, OR, NOT), and parentheses. It evaluates to either TRUE (1) or FALSE (0).
布尔表达式：由布尔变量、运算符（AND、OR、NOT）和括号组成的数学表达式。其计算值为TRUE（1）或FALSE（0）。
XOR (Exclusive OR) Gate e inputs are different, and 0 if they are the same. The Boolean expression is Q = A XOR B.
异或门：当输入不同时输出1，相同时输出0的门。布尔表达式为 Q = A XOR B。
10. Systems Life Cycle | 系统开发生命周期
Systems Life Cycle: A series of stages through which a new information system passes, from initial planning to eventual replacement. The typical phases are analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and evaluation.
系统生命周期：一个新信息系统从初始规划到最终被替换所经历的一系列阶段。典型阶段包括分析、设计、开发、测试、实施和评估。
Feasibility Study: An investigation carried out at the start of a project to determine whether the new system is technically, economically, and operationally viable.
可行性研究：项目开始时进行的一项调查，旨在确定新系统在技术上、经济上和操作上是否可行。
User Requirements: A detailed description of what the intended users need the new system to do. They are typically gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and observation during the analysis phase.
用户需求：对目标用户
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