📚 Year 11 Eduqas Philosophy: Key Terminology Quick Guide | 11年级Eduqas哲学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering specialist vocabulary is essential for success in Eduqas GCSE Philosophy. This guide provides clear definitions, memory aids, and paired explanations to help you recall key terms quickly and accurately across all topics in the specification.
掌握专业术语是Eduqas GCSE哲学考试成功的关键。本指南提供清晰的定义、记忆技巧以及中英对照的解释，帮助你在考纲所有主题中快速准确地回忆关键术语。
1. Attributes of God | 神的属性
Omnipotent: The root 'omni' means all, and 'potent' comes from the Latin for power. Remember that a 'potent' medicine is strong, so God is all-powerful.
全能：词根“omni”表示所有，“potent”源自拉丁语的“力量”。你可以联想强力药剂（potent）就意味着强大，因此上帝是全能的。
Omniscient: 'Sci' links to 'science', which is about knowledge. 'Omniscient' literally means all-knowing.
全知：“sci”与“science”（科学）相关联，科学关乎知识。“全知”字面意思就是知晓一切。
Omnibenevolent: 'Bene' means good or well, as in 'benefit'. So God is all-loving and perfectly good.
全善：“bene”表示好或善意，如“benefit”（利益）。因此上帝是全爱、完全善的。
Eternal: This means God exists outside time, without beginning or end. Think 'eternal' as 'timeless', not just everlasting within time.
永恒的：这意味着上帝存在于时间之外，无始无终。要理解“永恒”不只是时间内的无限延续，而是超越时间的“无时间性”。
Immanent: God is present and active within the world. The word sounds like 'in-man-ent', so God is involved inside creation.
内在性：上帝在世界之中同在并工作。你可以记“immanent”好像“在内在中存在”，表明上帝内在于受造界。
Transcendent: God is beyond the physical universe, independent of it. The 'trans-' prefix means 'across' or 'beyond'.
超越性：上帝在物质宇宙之外，独立于宇宙。“trans-”前缀表示“跨越”“超越”。
2. Arguments for God’s Existence | 上帝存在的论证
Cosmological argument: An argument from causation, saying everything has a cause, so there must be a First Cause (God). Think 'cosmos' (universe) + 'logos' (reason). Remember: 'Cosmo-cause'.
宇宙论论证：从因果链出发的论证，主张万物皆有因，因而必有一个第一因（上帝）。“cosmos”宇宙+“logos”理性，记成“宇宙因果论”。
Teleological argument: Also called the Design argument. 'Telos' means purpose or end. The universe shows design, so a Designer exists. 'Teleo' = purpose, like a 'telescope' sees a distant purpose.
目的论论证：也称设计论证。“telos”意为目的。宇宙呈现出设计，故必有设计者。联想“telescope”望远镜看到远处的目标，帮助记忆目的。
Ontological argument: This is an a priori argument from the definition of God as the greatest conceivable being. 'Onto' relates to being or existence (ontology). Think: 'Onto-exist'.
本体论论证：一个先验论证，从“上帝是可设想的最伟大存在”定义出发。“onto”与存在相关（本体论），想想“on to existence”。
al values exist, there must be a moral lawgiver. Remember: objective morality → moral God.
道德论证：客观道德价值存在，因此必然有道德律的赐予者。可用箭头记忆：客观道德→道德上帝。
Principle of sufficient reason: For every fact there must be an explanation why it is so. Leibniz used this to support the cosmological argument.
充足理由律：每个事实都必定有一个为什么如此的充分解释。莱布尼茨以此支持宇宙论论证。
Infinite regress: An endless chain of causes that never reaches a first cause. Philosophers often try to avoid this in explaining existence.
无限回溯：无穷无尽的因果链，永远无法到达第一因。哲学家在解释存在时通常要避免这一点。
3. Revelation | 启示
General revelation: God makes himself known through nature, conscience and human reason, available to all. Think 'general public revelation'.
普遍启示：上帝通过自然、良知和人类理性让人知晓祂，面向所有人。想想“对公众普遍的启示”。
Special revelation: God reveals himself directly to specific individuals or communities, e.g., through scripture, miracles, prophets. 'Special' as in specific.
特殊启示：上帝直接向特定个人或群体启示自己，如通过经典、神迹、先知。“特殊”即特定、特别。
Scripture: Sacred writings believed to be inspired by God, such as the Bible or Qur’an. The word comes from Latin 'scribere' – to write.
圣经/经典：被视为上帝所默示的神圣著作，如《圣经》或《古兰经》。词源来自拉丁语“写”。
Prophet: A person chosen by God to deliver a message. Remember 'pro' (forth) + 'phet' (speak), like a spokesperson.
先知：上帝拣选传达信息的人。词根“pro-”向前，“phet”说，像是代言人。
Religious experience: A personal encounter with the divine; can be mystical (union), numinous (awe) or conversion. Use 'R.E.N.' (Religious Exp. Numinous/Mystical).
宗教体验：人与神圣者的个人相遇；可以是神秘体验（合而为一）、努秘体验（敬畏感）或皈依。用缩写R.E.N.帮助记忆。
Numinous: A feeling of awe, wonder and fascination in the presence of a powerful being. Think 'numinous' sounds like 'luminous' – a mysterious light.
努秘：面对强大存在时产生的敬畏、惊奇和着迷的感受。“numinous”发音像“luminous”（发光的），让人联想到神秘的光。
4. The Problem of Evil and Suffering | 恶与苦难的问题
g caused by the natural world (earthquakes, disease) without human moral choice. Remember: 'nature → natural evil'.
自然恶：由自然界导致的苦难（地震、疾病），不涉及人类道德选择。记“自然→自然恶”。
Moral evil: Suffering resulting from human free will, such as murder, theft, cruelty. 'Moral' because it involves moral choices.
道德恶：由人类自由意志产生的苦难，如谋杀、偷窃、残忍。“道德”因为它涉及道德抉择。
Inconsistent triad: The problem that an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God and the existence of evil cannot logically coexist. J.L. Mackie's triangle: God, evil, omnipotence/omnibenevolence – pick two, the third is challenged.
不相容三元组：全能全善的上帝与恶的存在在逻辑上无法同时成立。J.L. Mackie的三角形：全能的上帝、全善的上帝、恶的存在——三者只能同时坚持其二。
Theodicy: An attempt to justify God’s goodness despite evil. Coined by Leibniz from 'theos' (God) + 'dike' (justice). Think: 'God’s justice defense'.
神义论：在恶存在的前提下为上帝的良善辩护的理论。莱布尼茨造词“theos”神+“dike”正义，记成“为神的正义辩护”。
Free Will Defence: Evil exists because God gave humans genuine free will, and free will is a greater good. Plantinga emphasised this does not explain why God allows specific evils, but shows it’s logically possible.
自由意志辩护：恶存在是因为上帝赐予人真正的自由意志，而自由意志是更大的善。普兰丁格强调这并非解释上帝为何允许具体恶事，而是表明神与恶在逻辑上可共存。
Soul-making theodicy: Suffering helps humans develop virtues and become fit for heaven. Irenaeus and John Hick proposed that soul-making requires challenges. Think 'soul gym'.
灵魂塑造神义论：苦难有助于人培养美德，成为适合进天堂的样子。爱任纽和希克提出灵魂塑造需要挑战，可以想象成“灵魂健身房”。
5. Life After Death | 死后生活
Resurrection: The body is restored to life after death in a transformed state. Key in Christianity, different from mere reanimation. Remember 're- + surrect' (rise again).
复活：身体在死后以转变了的形态重新恢复生命。基督教的核心概念，不同于单纯复苏。词根“再-站立”。
er the body dies, independent of a physical body. Plato argued the soul is eternal. Think: 'immortal = deathless soul'.
灵魂不朽：身体死亡后，灵魂继续活着，独立于肉体。柏拉图论证灵魂永恒。联想“不朽的灵魂”。
Reincarnation: The soul is reborn in a new body after death, part of the cycle of samsara in Hinduism and Buddhism. 'Re-' again, 'in-carn' into flesh.
轮回/再生：死后灵魂投生于新的身体，是印度教、佛教轮回的一部分。“re-”再次，“carn”肉体，再次进入肉身。
Purgatory: In Catholic teaching, a state of purification after death before entering heaven. Think 'purge' – cleansed.
炼狱：天主教教导中，死后进入天堂前净化灵魂的状态。联想“purge”（清除、净化）。
d or punishment. Heaven as ultimate union with God; Hell as separation from God. Remember: 'Heaven = harmony; Hell = hopeless separation'.
天堂与地狱：永恒奖赏或惩罚的状态。天堂是与上帝最终合一，地狱是与上帝隔绝。记“天堂和谐，地狱绝隔”。
Near-death experience (NDE): Experiences reported by people who have been clinically dead and then revived, often involving a tunnel, light, life review. Used as evidence for afterlife.
濒死体验：临床死亡后被救活的人报告的经历，常常包括隧道、光、一生回顾。被用作死后生命的证据。
6. Morality, Conscience and Free Will | 道德、良知与自由意志
ng, often described as the voice of God (Augustine) or a rational faculty (Aquinas). Think 'con-science' = with knowledge.
良知：对是非的内在感知，常被描述为上帝的声音（奥古斯丁）或理性能力（阿奎那）。词根“con-”共同+“science”知识，意味着带有知识。
Free will: The ability to make choices without external coercion. Essential for moral responsibility. 'Free' as unforced, 'will' as choice.
自由意志：无外部胁迫做出选择的能力，是道德责任的基础。“自由”即不被强迫，“意志”即选择。
Determinism: The view that all events are caused by previous events, making free will an illusion. Hard determinists deny free will entirely.
决定论：所有事件都由先前事件导致，因而自由意志是假象。强硬决定论彻底否定自由意志。
Libertarianism (in philosophy of free will): Humans have genuine free will, and some actions are uncaused by prior events. Not to be confused with political libertarianism.
自由意志主义（自由意志哲学）：人类拥有真正的自由意志，某些行为不由先前事件完全决定。注意不要与政治自由意志主义混淆。
Sanctity of life: The belief that life is sacred because it is created by God, and therefore must be protected. 'Sanctity' shares root with 'saint' – holy.
生命神圣性：相信生命是神圣的，因为是由神创造的，因此必须受到保护。“sanctity”与“saint”（圣徒）同源，表示神圣。
Natural law: The idea that right and wrong can be discovered by reason reflecting on human nature and purpose, associated with Aquinas. Think 'reason reads nature’s law'.
自然法：可以通过理性反思人性和目的而发现对错的理论，与阿奎那相关。记成“理性解读自然之律”。
7. Ethical Theories | 伦理理论
that maximises overall happiness (utility). Mill and Bentham are key proponents. Remember: 'Use-ful-ness = greatest happiness'.
功利主义：认为正确行为是最大化总体幸福（效用）的伦理理论。边沁和密尔是主要代表。记“utility”有用、功效→最大幸福。
Situation ethics: Only one absolute rule – agape (unconditional love) – and moral decisions depend on the situation. Joseph Fletcher’s theory: 'love is the only norm'.
处境伦理学：唯一绝对的规则是圣爱（无条件的爱），道德决定取决于具体处境。弗莱彻的理论：“爱是唯一准则”。
or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences. Kant’s ethics is deontological. Think: 'duty-based' (deon = duty).
义务论：行为的对错基于行为本身，与后果无关。康德的伦理学是义务论的。“deon”希腊语义务。
Kantian ethics: Based on the categorical imperative – act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law. Remember 'universalise your action'.
康德伦理学：基于定言命令——只依照你同时愿意其成为普遍法则的准则来行动。记成“让你的行动普遍化”。
Relativism: Moral values are relative to culture, society, or individual preference, and there are no universal moral truths. Contrast with absolutism.
相对主义：道德价值相对于文化、社会或个人偏好，不存在普遍的道德真理。与绝对主义相对。
Absolutism: Certain moral principles are true for all people, at all times, in all circumstances. E.g., 'do not murder' is always wrong.
绝对主义：某些道德原则对所有人在所有时间和情况下都是真的。例如“不可谋杀”永远错误。
8. Human Rights and Social Justice | 人权与社会正义
Human rights: Basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to regardless of nationality, sex, religion etc. Often grounded in human dignity or divine image. 'Rights by being human'.
人权：所有人基于人性便有资格享有的基本权利和自由，无关国籍、性别、宗教等。常以人性尊严或上帝形象为基础。“生而为人即有的权利”。
Social justice: The fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and responsibilities in a society, and concern for the marginalised. Think 'justice in society'.
社会正义：社会中资源、机会和责任的公平分配，以及对边缘群体的关怀。字面“社会中的正义”。
Preferential option for the poor: A principle in Catholic social teaching to prioritise the needs of the poor and vulnerable. Remember: 'Option for poor first'.
优先关爱穷人：天主教社会训导的原则之一，优先考虑穷人和弱势者的需要。记成“优先选择穷人”。
Liberation theology: A movement that interprets Christian faith through the experiences of the oppressed and calls for social change. Marx influence + gospel.
解放神学：从受压迫者经历解释基督教信仰并号召社会变革的运动。马克思影响+福音。
Sanctity of life in medical ethics: Applied in debates on abortion and euthanasia. 'Life is a gift from God, not ours to take'. Also quality of life arguments contrast this.
医疗伦理中的生命神圣性：应用于堕胎和安乐死辩论。“生命是神所赐，不是我们可夺取的”。与之对照的是生命质量论。
Just war theory: Criteria for when it is permissible to go to war (jus ad bellum) and how to act in war (jus in bello). 'Just cause, last resort, proportionality'.
正义战争论：判断何时可以开战（诉诸战争权）以及战争中如何进行（战时法）的标准。“正当理由、最后手段、相称性”。
9. Miracles and Religious Language (Extension Terms) | 神迹与宗教语言（拓展术语）
Miracle: An event that appears to break a law of nature and is attributed to a divine agent. Hume defined it as a 'violation of a law of nature'. Think: 'miracle – suspension of natural law'.
神迹：似乎违反自然规律，并被归因于神圣者的行为。休谟定义为“对自然律的违反”。联想“神迹暂停自然律”。
Verification principle: The view that a statement is only meaningful if it can be verified by sense experience or is a tautology. Challenges religious language.
证实原则：只有能被感官经验证实或属于重言式的陈述才是有意义的。对宗教语言构成挑战。
Falsification principle: Statements are only meaningful if we can say what evidence would count against them. Antony Flew applied it to religious claims – 'what would disprove God?' 'Falsify' as false-test.
证伪原则：只有当我们能指出何种证据可以反驳它时，陈述才有意义。弗卢应用于宗教主张——“什么可以证伪上帝？”记“假-检验”。
Via negativa: Speaking about God by saying what God is not, because God is beyond human comprehension. 'Negative way'. Think: 'God is not finite, not limited'.
否定之道：通过否定说法来谈论上帝，因为上帝超越人的理解。称为“否定法”。想“上帝不是有限的，不是受限制的”。
Symbolic language: Religious language uses symbols that participate in the reality they point to (e.g. the cross). Not just literal or factual. Paul Tillich’s approach.
象征语言：宗教语言使用象征物，这些象征参与其所指代的实在（如十字架），而非仅仅字面事实。蒂里希的方法。
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