📚 Year 10 CAIE Geography: Essential Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Study Guide | Year 10 CAIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographic terminology is not just about memorising definitions—it is about unlocking a precise way to describe the world. In CAIE Year 10 Geography, command words and key terms appear in almost every question. Understanding them deeply allows you to provide accurate explanations, evaluate case studies, and structure high-scoring answers. This guide provides essential vocabulary across all core topics, grouped for easy recall, along with practical memory techniques to help you retain terms effortlessly.
掌握地理术语不仅仅是背诵定义，更是解锁精准描述世界的方式。在 CAIE Year 10 地理中，指令词和关键术语几乎出现在每一道题目里。深入理解它们能让你提供准确解释、评估案例研究并构建高分答案。本指南涵盖所有核心主题的基本词汇，按类别分组以便记忆，并提供实用的记忆技巧，帮助你轻松掌握这些术语。
1. Introduction: The Power of Terminology | 引言：术语的力量
Geographical literacy begins with a confident command of specialised words. Terms like 'abrasion' or 'GDP' carry precise meanings that can unlock marks in data-response and essay questions. By linking each term to a real-world example and a visual image, you transform abstract words into memorable concepts. This guide aims to build that link while offering mnemonics, word-root breakdowns, and quick-reference tables.
地理素养始于对专业词汇的自信掌握。像“abrasion（磨蚀）”或“GDP（国内生产总值）”这样的术语承载着精准的含义，能在数据分析和论述题中为你赢得分数。把每个术语与现实案例及视觉图像联系起来，就能将抽象词汇转变为难忘的概念。本指南旨在建立这种联系，同时提供记忆口诀、词根拆解和速查表格。
2. Population Dynamics: Births, Deaths & Migration | 人口动态：出生、死亡与迁移
Population density is the number of people per unit area, usually expressed per km². Formula: Total population ÷ Area (km²). Singapore has an extremely high density, while the Sahara shows a very low density.
人口密度是每单位面积上的人口数，通常以每平方千米（km²）表示。公式：总人口 ÷ 面积（km²）。新加坡密度极高，而撒哈拉沙漠密度极低。
Birth rate: live births per 1,000 people per year. High birth rates correlate with agrarian societies where children contribute to farm labour, limited family planning, and high infant mortality rates.
出生率：每年每千人口中的活产婴儿数。高出生率常与农业社会（儿童参与耕作）、有限的计划生育以及较高的婴儿死亡率相联系。
Death rate (mortality rate): deaths per 1,000 people per year. Improved healthcare, clean water and sanitation reduce death rates significantly.
死亡率：每年每千人口中的死亡人数。医疗改善、清洁饮水和卫生设施能显著降低死亡率。
rate - Death rate. A positive value means population growth without considering migration.
自然增长率 = 出生率 - 死亡率。正值表示不考虑迁移时的人口增长。
Net migration = Number of immigrants - Number of emigrants. It can turn a nation's growth positive even if natural increase is negative.
净迁移 = 迁入人数 - 迁出人数。即使自然增长为负，净迁移也可使一个国家的人口增长变为正数。
+ population aged 65+) ÷ population aged 15-64 × 100. A high ratio indicates greater pressure on the working population to support dependants.
抚养比：受抚养人口（15岁以下和65岁以上）与劳动年龄人口（15-64岁）的比例。公式为（0-14岁人口 + 65岁及以上人口）÷ 15-64岁人口 × 100。高抚养比意味着劳动人口要承担更大的抚养压力。
hic equation: Total population change = (Births - Deaths) + Net Migration. Visualise it as 'B-D+NM'.
技巧：记住基础人口公式：总人口变化 =（出生 - 死亡）+ 净迁移。想象为“B-D+NM”。
3. Settlement & Urbanisation: Patterns & Processes | 定居与城市化：模式与过程
Settlement hierarchy: a ranking of settlements based on size, services and sphere of influence. A hamlet provides few services, while a city offers specialised functions such as universities and international airports.
聚落等级：根据规模、服务和影响范围对聚落进行的排序。小村庄提供极少服务，而城市则拥有大学和国际机场等专门功能。
Urbanisation: the increasing proportion of a country's population living in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) often leads to the growth of informal settlements and pressure on infrastructure.
城市化：一个国家城镇人口比例不断上升的过程。欠发达国家（LEDCs）的快速城市化常导致非正规住区的扩张和基础设施压力的加大。
Suburbanisation: the movement of people from inner city areas to the outskirts, forming suburbs. It is often driven by the desire for larger houses and a quieter environment.
郊区化：人口从市中心区迁往边缘地带，形成郊区。通常是由于人们追求更大的住房和更安静的环境。
Counter-urbanisation: the movement of people from large urban areas to smaller towns or rural areas. It can reverse the urban growth trend.
逆城市化：人口从大都市区迁往小城镇或乡村地区。这一过程可能扭转城市增长的趋势。
Brownfield site: land that has been previously built on, often in urban areas, which can be redeveloped. Greenfield site: undeveloped, often agricultural land on the urban fringe, valued for new housing.
棕地（已开发土地）：之前已建有建筑的用地，多位于城区，可供再开发。绿地（未开发土地）：城市边缘未经开发的土地，常为农田，适合新建住宅。
Mnemonic: 'SUB from the city, COUNTER to the country' helps distinguish suburbanisation (to suburbs) from counter-urbanisation (to rural areas).
记忆法：“SUB 离开市区，COUNTER 去往乡村”帮助区分郊区化（去郊区）和逆城市化（去乡村）。
4. Rivers & Fluvial Processes: Erosion to Deposition | 河流与流水作用：从侵蚀到沉积
Fluvial processes shape landscapes through erosion, transportation and deposition. Four erosion types dominate: hydraulic action (force of water), abrasion (river's load scraping the bed), attrition (particles colliding and becoming smaller) and solution (dissolving of soluble rocks).
流水作用通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积塑造着地貌。四种主要侵蚀作用是：水力作用（流水压力）、磨蚀（河流携带着沙石刮蚀河床）、磨耗（颗粒相互碰撞变小）和溶蚀（溶解可溶性岩石）。
Remember abrasion as 'sandpaper effect'—the river uses its load like sandpaper to wear away the channel. Attrition is 'rock hitting rock', making pebbles rounder and smaller downstream.
将磨蚀记作“砂纸效应”——河流利用其携带的物质如砂纸般磨蚀河道。磨耗则是“石块互撞”，使得下游的卵石变得更圆更小。
Transportation processes: traction (large boulders rolled along the bed), saltation (small pebbles bounced), suspension (fine silt carried in the flow) and solution (dissolved minerals).
搬运过程：推移（巨大砾石沿河床滚动）、跃移（小卵石跳跃前进）、悬移（细小泥沙悬浮水中）和溶解搬运（溶解的矿物质随水流动）。
Landforms: meanders are bends in a river's course; an oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off; a delta is a fan-shaped deposit at the river mouth where sediment is dropped as the water slows.
地貌：曲流是河道的弯曲段；牛轭湖由被截断的曲流形成；三角洲是河口呈扇形的沉积体，当水流减慢时泥沙沉积而成。
Think of a delta like the Greek letter Δ (delta), which is triangular—exactly how many deltas (like the Nile Delta) appear on a map.
将三角洲联想为希腊字母 Δ（delta），呈三角形状——正如许多三角洲（如尼罗河三角洲）在地图上的形态。
| Erosion type | Memory trigger | Key word |
|---|---|---|
| Hydraulic action | Water force like a pressure hose | Pressure |
| Abrasion | Sandpaper grinding | Scraping |
| Attrition | Rocks colliding, becoming rounder | Collision |
| Solution | Dissolving rocks (e.g., limestone) | Dissolve |
The table above summarises the four main erosion processes and simple memory triggers. Link each trigger to a mental image: a pressure hose for hydraulic action is easy to recall in an exam.
上表总结了四种主要侵蚀作用及简单的记忆触发点。将每个触发点与心理画面相连：例如水力作用就像高压水枪，考试时很容易回想起来。
5. Coastal Landscapes: Waves, Weathering & Erosion | 海岸景观：波浪、风化与侵蚀
Constructive waves: low frequency, strong swash, weak backwash, building up beaches. Destructive waves: high frequency, strong backwash, weak swash, eroding beaches.
建设性海浪：频率低，冲流强，回流弱，建造海滩。破坏性海浪：频率高，回流强，冲流弱，侵蚀海滩。
Longshore drift: the zigzag movement of sediment along the coast, driven by waves approaching at an angle. It is the main process responsible for creating spits and bars.
沿岸漂沙：沉积物在沿岸呈锯齿形运动，由波浪以一定角度冲击海岸引起。它是形成沙嘴和沙坝的主要过程。
A spit is a depositional landform: a narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the coast at one end, often curved by winds. A bar forms when a spit joins two headlands, cutting off a lagoon.
沙嘴是一种堆积地貌：一条附着于海岸一端的狭长沙脊，常因风力而弯曲。若沙嘴连接两个岬角，围出潟湖，则形成沙坝。
Weathering types at the coast: physical (freeze-thaw, salt crystallisation), chemical (carbonation, solution) and biological (roots, burrowing animals). While erosion involves removal, weathering breaks rocks in situ.
海岸风化类型：物理风化（冻融、盐结晶）、化学风化（碳酸化、溶解）和生物风化（植物根系、穴居动物）。侵蚀涉及物质搬运，而风化是岩石在原有位置发生破碎。
Key distinction: 'Erosion' = breakdown + removal; 'Weathering' = breakdown in place. Remember it by the letter 'W' in weathering — 'w' sits still!
关键区别：“Erosion”= 破坏 + 搬运；“Weathering”= 原地破坏。借助 Weathering 中的字母 W——它“稳坐不动”！
6. Weather & Climate: Elements & Factors | 天气与气候：要素与影响因素
, precipitation, wind), while climate is the average weather over 30 years or more. Think: 'Weather = What you get; Climate = What you expect'.
天气是大气的每日状态（温度、降水、风等），而气候是30年或更长时间的平均天气。记忆：天气是你所得到的，气候是你所预期的。
Three main rainfall types: relief (orographic) rainfall – moist air forced to rise over mountains; convectional rainfall – heated ground warms air, which rises and cools; frontal rainfall – warm air meets cold air, forced to rise.
三种主要降雨类型：地形雨 – 湿润空气受山体阻挡被迫抬升；对流雨 – 受热地面使空气升温上升冷却；锋面雨 – 暖空气遇冷空气被迫上升。
Link relief rainfall to 'relief' of the land (mountains). Convectional – picture 'convection currents' like swirling soup. Frontal – imagine armies of warm and cold air 'fronts' meeting.
将地形雨与“relief（地形）”相联系。对流雨——想象像翻滚热汤那样的“对流气流”。锋面雨——想象暖空气和冷空气两支“大军”的锋线交汇。
Climate graphs show monthly temperature and precipitation. Always label the axes and note that temperature is typically plotted as a line and precipitation as bars.
气候图展示月气温和降水量。务必标记坐标轴，气温通常以曲线表示，降水量以柱状表示。
Factors affecting climate: latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, ocean currents, prevailing winds. Memorise with 'LA DOP' (Latitude, Altitude, Distance from sea, Ocean currents, Prevailing winds).
影响气候的因素：纬度、海拔、距海远近、洋流和盛行风。用缩写“LA DOP”来记忆。
7. Tectonic Hazards: Earthquakes & Volcanoes | 构造灾害：地震与火山
Plate boundaries: constructive (divergent) – plates move apart; destructive (convergent) – oceanic plate subducts under continental or two plates collide; conservative – plates slide past each other.
板块边界：建设型（分离型）——板块相互远离；破坏型（汇聚型）——大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下或两大板块碰撞；保守型——板块相互水平滑动。
Earthquake vocabulary: focus – point inside Earth where quake originates; epicentre – point on surface directly above focus; seismic waves radiate outward. The Richter scale measures magnitude (energy), while the Mercalli scale describes intensity (effects).
地震术语：震源——地震发生在地球内部的点；震中——震源正上方的地表点；地震波向外辐射。里氏震级测量震级（能量），麦卡利烈度描述烈度（影响）。
Volcano types: shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and runny lava (e.g. Mauna Loa); composite (strato) volcanoes have steep sides, alternating layers of ash and lava, and explosive eruptions (e.g. Mount Pinatubo).
火山类型：盾状火山坡度平缓，岩浆稀薄（如莫纳罗亚山）；复式火山（层状火山）边坡陡峭，火山灰与熔岩互层，喷发猛烈（如皮纳图博火山）。
Memory aid: 'Epi' means 'upon' – epicentre upon the focus. Shield sounds like 'shield' – flat like a warrior's shield. Composite means 'made of many parts' (layers).
记忆辅助：“Epi”意为“在……之上”，所以震中在震源之上。Shield 听起来像“盾牌”，所以扁平如战士之盾。Composite 意为“复合的”，指多层结构。
8. Economic Development: Indicators & Sectors | 经济发展：指标与产业
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图