📚 Year 10 CAIE Science: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CAIE 科学：核心知识点梳理
The CAIE Year 10 Science curriculum equips students with a strong foundation in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. This article reviews the essential core concepts, from cell biology and atomic structure to forces and waves, providing bilingual explanations to support your revision and mastery of the subject.
CAIE 十年级科学课程帮助学生建立生物、化学和物理的坚实基础。本文梳理了从细胞生物学、原子结构到力和波的核心知识点，通过双语解释辅助复习，加深对学科的理解。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
All living organisms are made of cells. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes, while plant cells have additional structures such as a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体，而植物细胞还具有细胞壁、大液泡和叶绿体等结构。
The nucleus controls cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA). Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Ribosomes synthesise proteins.
细胞核控制细胞活动并含有遗传物质（DNA）。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，以ATP形式释放能量。核糖体负责合成蛋白质。
Plant cells are distinguished by their rigid cellulose cell wall, which provides structural support, and chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis. The large central vacuole stores water and solutes, maintaining turgor pressure.
植物细胞的特点是坚硬的纤维素细胞壁，提供结构支持；叶绿体进行光合作用。中央大液泡储存水和溶质，维持膨压。
2. Movement of Substances: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport | 物质运输：扩散、渗透与主动运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient; it is a passive process requiring no energy.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域沿浓度梯度的净运动；属于被动过程，不需要能量。
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion involving water molecules moving through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (dilute solution) to an area of low water potential (concentrated solution).
渗透是水分子通过半透膜从高水势（稀溶液）向低水势（浓溶液）运动的特殊扩散。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, from lower to higher concentration, using energy from respiration and carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
主动运输利用呼吸作用提供的能量和细胞膜上的载体蛋白，使物质逆浓度梯度由低浓度向高浓度移动。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. They work by the lock-and-key mechanism, where the substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
酶是由蛋白质组成的生物催化剂，能加速生化反应而自身不被消耗。它们通过锁钥机制发挥作用，底物与酶的活性位点契合。
Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH. Each enzyme has an optimum temperature (around 37°C for human enzymes) and an optimum pH (e.g., pepsin works best at pH 2, amylase at pH 7). Denaturation occurs if conditions deviate too far, changing the shape of the active site.
酶的活性受温度和pH影响。每种酶都有最适温度（人体酶约37°C）和最适pH（如胃蛋白酶pH2最佳，淀粉酶pH7）。当条件偏差过大时，酶发生变性，活性位点形状改变。
The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction increases with substrate concentration up to a saturation point, where all active sites are occupied.
酶促反应速率随底物浓度增加而升高，直至饱和点，此时所有活性位点都被占据。
4. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral), surrounded by electrons (negative charge) in shells. The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons, and the mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons.
原子由包含质子（带正电）和中子（不带电）的原子核以及核外电子（带负电）组成。原子序数(Z)等于质子数，质量数(A)是质子数与中子数之和。
Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells: the first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second and third up to 8 (for the first 20 elements). The electronic configuration determines chemical properties.
电子排布在电子层中：第一层最多容纳2个电子，第二和第三层最多容纳8个（前20号元素）。电子排布决定化学性质。
The Periodic Table organizes elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer-shell electrons and similar chemical properties. Group I (alkali metals) are very reactive, Group VII (halogens) are reactive non-metals, and Group VIII (noble gases) are unreactive.
元素周期表按原子序数递增排列。同一族的元素具有相同的最外层电子数和相似的化学性质。第I族（碱金属）非常活泼，第VII族（卤素）是活泼非金属，第VIII族（稀有气体）不活泼。
5. Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent | 化学键：离子键与共价键
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions forms a giant ionic lattice.
离子键存在于金属与非金属之间。金属失电子形成阳离子，非金属得电子形成阴离子。相反电荷离子间的静电引力形成巨大的离子晶格。
Examples include sodium chloride (NaCl), where sodium loses one electron and chlorine gains one. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
例如氯化钠（NaCl），钠失去一个电子，氯获得一个电子。离子化合物熔点沸点较高，在熔融或溶于水时能导电。
Covalent
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