📚 Year 10 CAIE Chemistry: Terminology & Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | Year 10 CAIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of chemistry is essential for success in Year 10 CAIE Chemistry. This guide breaks down core terms into logical groups, shares proven memory aids, and provides clear English–Chinese pairings so you can build confidence in both classroom discussions and written exams. Whether you are decoding the Periodic Table or balancing equations, the right vocabulary will turn confusion into clarity.
掌握化学语言是 Year 10 CAIE 化学成功的关键。本指南将核心术语按逻辑分组，分享行之有效的记忆方法，并提供清晰的英中对照，帮助你在课堂讨论和笔试中建立信心。无论是解读周期表还是配平方程式，恰当的词汇都会让困惑化为清晰。
1. Why Terminology Matters | 为什么术语如此重要
Chemistry is not just about memorising facts — it is about applying precise language to describe observations, explain changes, and predict outcomes. Examiners reward students who use the correct scientific vocabulary rather than vague everyday words.
化学不仅仅是记忆事实 — 它要求用精准的语言描述观察、解释变化并预测结果。考官青睐使用正确科学词汇而非模糊日常用语的学生。
For example, saying 'the substance disappeared' is ambiguous; stating 'the solid dissolved to form a colourless solution' shows clear understanding. Consistent vocabulary practice helps you think like a chemist and avoid marks lost to loose phrasing.
例如，说'物质消失了'很含糊；而陈述'固体溶解形成无色溶液'则显示出清晰的理解。坚持词汇练习能帮你像化学家一样思考，避免因表达不严谨而丢分。
2. Memory Techniques for Chemistry Terms | 化学术语的记忆技巧
Turn each term into a mental image. Visualise 'precipitate' as particles clumping together and raining down in a test tube. Link 'oxidation' to the idea of oxygen grabbing electrons. The more vivid the picture, the stronger the memory.
把每个术语转化成心理图像。把'precipitate'想象成颗粒聚在一起像雨点般落入试管。将'oxidation'联系到氧气夺走电子的画面。图像越生动，记忆越牢固。
Break words into roots, prefixes, and suffixes. 'Monatomic' comes from mono- (one) and atomic, so it means a single atom. 'Endothermic' splits into endo- (inside) and thermic (heat) — heat going in. This approach works for dozens of terms.
把单词拆成词根、前缀和后缀。'Monatomic'来自mono-（单一）和atomic（原子的），所以指单个原子。'Endothermic'拆成endo-（内）和thermic（热的）— 热量进入。这种方法适用于数十个术语。
Create flashcards with the term on one side and its definition plus a simple diagram on the other. Use them for short, spaced review sessions rather than one long cramming block. Testing yourself is far more effective than re-reading notes.
制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义和简图。利用零散时间间隔复习，而不是一次性长时间死记硬背。自我测试远比反复阅读笔记有效。
3. Fundamentals: Element, Compound, Mixture | 基础概念：元素、化合物、混合物
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素是由一种原子组成的纯净物。同一元素的所有原子具有相同的质子数。它不能通过化学方法分解为更简单的物质。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions. The properties of a compound are different from those of its constituent elements. For example, sodium chloride (table salt) is very different from reactive sodium metal and poisonous chlorine gas.
化合物是两种或多种不同元素以固定比例化学结合形成的物质。化合物的性质不同于其组成元素。例如，氯化钠（食盐）与活泼的金属钠和有毒的氯气截然不同。
A mixture consists of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are physically combined but not chemically bonded. The components retain their individual properties and can be separated by physical methods such as filtration, distillation, or chromatography.
混合物由两种或多种物质（元素或化合物）物理混合而成，没有化学键合。各组分保持自身性质，可通过过滤、蒸馏或色谱等物理方法分离。
4. Atomic Structure Terms | 原子结构相关术语
The atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons moving in shells.
原子是元素能参与化学反应的最小粒子。它由一个原子核和核外分层运动的电子组成。
The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. Almost all the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons, which defines the element. Mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.
原子核包含带正电的质子和不带电的中子。原子几乎全部质量集中在核内。原子序数(Z)是质子数，决定了元素种类。质量数(A)是质子数与中子数之和。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They therefore have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Chemical properties are identical; physical properties may vary slightly.
同位素是质子数相同、中子数不同的同种元素的原子。因此它们原子序数相同但质量数不同。化学性质相同；物理性质可能略有差异。
Electron shells (or energy levels) are where electrons are found around the nucleus. The first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second up to 8, and the third up to 8 in the CAIE syllabus for Year 10. The arrangement of electrons is called the electronic configuration.
电子层（或能级）是电子在核外的分布区域。在 Year 10 CAIE 大纲中，第一层最多容纳2个电子，第二层8个，第三层8个。电子的排布方式称为电子构型。
5. Bonding and Reaction Vocabulary | 化学键与反应词汇
Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal. The resulting giant ionic lattice has high melting and boiling points and conducts electricity when molten or dissolved.
离子键是带相反电荷离子之间的静电引力。发生在金属将电子转移给非金属时。形成的巨型离子晶格熔沸点高，熔融或溶解时能导电。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points because the intermolecular forces are weak, not the covalent bonds themselves.
共价键是非金属原子间共用电子对。一个分子是由共价键连接的一组原子。简单分子物质熔沸点低，因为分子间作用力较弱，而非共价键本身。
Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This structure explains why metals conduct electricity, are malleable, and are ductile.
金属键是正金属离子与'海洋'般的离域电子之间的引力。这种结构解释了为何金属能导电、有延展性。
In a chemical reaction, reactants are rearranged to form products. A word equation names the substances, while a symbol equation uses formulas and must be balanced — the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides.
在化学反应中，反应物重新排列生成产物。文字方程式使用物质名称，符号方程式使用化学式并且必须配平 — 每种元素的原子数在两侧相等。
6. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐术语
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution. Acids have a pH less than 7 and turn blue litmus red. Common laboratory acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitric acid (HNO₃).
酸是在水溶液中释放氢离子(H⁺)的物质。酸的 pH 小于 7，能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。常见实验室酸包括盐酸(HCl)、硫酸(H₂SO₄)和硝酸(HNO₃)。
A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Metal oxides and hydroxides are typical bases. An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water, with pH greater than 7, turning red litmus blue.
碱是能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。金属氧化物和氢氧化物是常见碱。一个碱溶液（alkali）是水溶性的碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子(OH⁻)，pH 大于 7，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base:
acid + base → salt + water
中和反应是酸和碱之间的反应：
酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
A salt is an ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and anion from an acid. The name of the salt comes from the metal (or ammonium) and the acid involved: hydrochloric acid gives chlorides, sulfuric acid gives sulfates, and nitric acid gives nitrates.
盐是阳离子来自碱、阴离子来自酸的离子化合物。盐的名称源自金属（或铵根）和所用酸：盐酸生成氯化物，硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐。
7. Stoichiometry and the Mole | 化学计量与摩尔概念
The relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It has no units. Relative molecular mass (Mᵣ) is the sum of the Aᵣ values of all atoms in a molecule.
相对原子质量(Aᵣ)是某种元素原子平均质量与碳-12原子质量的1/12的比值，无单位。相对分子质量(Mᵣ)是分子中所有原子的 Aᵣ 之和。
A mole is the unit for amount of substance. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). The mass of one mole of a substance in grams equals its Aᵣ or Mᵣ; this is the molar mass (g/mol).
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1摩尔任何物质包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。1摩尔物质的质量（克）等于其 Aᵣ 或 Mᵣ；这就是摩尔质量(g/mol)。
Empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. Molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. For glucose, the molecular formula is C₆H₁₂O₆, but the empirical formula is CH₂O.
经验式给出化合物中各原子的最简整数比。分子式给出一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目。葡萄糖的分子式为 C₆H₁₂O₆，但经验式为 CH₂O。
Concentration ³. When calculating amounts, remember: n = m / M and n = c × V (with volume in dm³).
溶液浓度常用 mol/dm³（摩尔浓度）表示，也可用 g/dm³ 表示。计算时记住：n = m / M 及 n = c × V（体积单位为 dm³）。
8. Electrochemistry and Energy Terms | 电化学与能量术语
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a compound using direct current electricity. It requires an electrolyte — a molten or dissolved ionic compound that conducts electricity — and two electrodes. The anode is the positive electrode (attracts anions), and the cathode is the negative electrode (attracts cations).
电解是用直流电分解化合物的过程。需要电解质 — 能导电的熔融或溶解的离子化合物 — 和两个电极。阳极是正极（吸引阴离子），阴极是负极（吸引阳离子）。
At the cathode, reduction occurs (gain of electrons, often metal ions discharge to form atoms). At the anode, oxidation occurs (loss of electrons). Remember the mnemonic OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain of electrons.
在阴极发生还原（得电子，常是金属离子放电生成原子）。在阳极发生氧化（失电子）。记住口诀 OIL RIG：Oxidation Is Loss（氧化是失电子），Reduction Is Gain（还原是得电子）。
In a simple voltaic cell, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Two different metals are placed in an electrolyte, and a potential difference is set up. The more reactive metal acts as the negative electrode (anode) and loses electrons.
在简单伏打电池中，化学能转化为电能。两种不同金属放入电解质中，产生电势差。较活泼的金属作为负极（阳极）失去电子。
Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, usually as heat, causing a temperature rise. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Breaking bonds is endothermic; making bonds is exothermic.
放热反应向周围释放能量（通常为热量），导致温度升高。吸热反应从周围吸收能量，导致温度降低。断裂化学键需要吸热；形成化学键则放热。
9. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础术语
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates. A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
有机化学是研究碳化合物的化学分支，但不包括碳的氧化物、碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐。烃是仅含碳和氢的化合物。
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, containing only C–C single bonds. The first four are methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), and butane (C₄H₁₀). They are unreactive except in combustion and substitution reactions with halogens under UV light.
烷烃是通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ 的饱和烃，只含 C–C 单键。前四种是甲烷(CH₄)、乙烷(C₂H₆)、丙烷(C₃H₈)和丁烷(C₄H₁₀)。它们通常不活泼，只能在燃烧和在紫外光下与卤素发生取代反应。
Alkenes dergo addition reactions, in which the double bond opens up and atoms add across it. Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine water, a useful test.
烯烃是通式为 CₙH₂ₙ 的不饱和烃，含至少一个 C=C 双键。它们发生加成反应，双键打开并加上原子。不饱和化合物能使溴水褪色，这是实用的检验方法。
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and a graduation in physical properties. Each member differs from the next by a –CH₂– unit.
同系物是一系列具有相同通式、相似化学性质和递变的物理性质的有机化合物家族。相邻成员相差一个 –CH₂– 单元。
10. Commonly Confused Terms | 常见易混淆术语辨析
| Term | Meaning | 中文 | Do not confuse with |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solute | Substance being dissolved | 溶质 | Solvent (the dissolving medium) |
| Saturated (solution) | No more solute dissolves at that temperature | 饱和（溶液） | Saturated (hydrocarbon) — all single bonds |
| Volatile | Easily evaporates (low boiling point) | 易挥发的 | Stable (does not decompose) |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons; gain of oxygen | 氧化 | Reduction |
| Delocalised electrons | Electrons free to move throughout a structure (e.g. in metals) | 离域电子 | Localised electrons (fixed in bonds or lone pairs) |
| Concentration (mol/dm³) | Amount of solute per unit volume | 浓度 | Strength of an acid (degree of ionisation) |
Using these terms accurately is critical. For instance, calling an aqueous solution 'strong' when you mean 'concentrated' can lose marks. A concentrated acid may still be weak if it is only slightly ionised (e.g. ethanoic acid).
准确使用这些术语至关重要。例如，把溶液形容为'强'而实际想表达'浓'会丢分。浓的酸如果只是部分电离（如乙酸的稀溶液），它仍然是弱酸。
11. Practical and Apparatus Language | 实验与仪器术语
Filtrate is the liquid that passes through the filter paper; residue is the solid left behind. Distillate is the liquid collected during distillation. Supernatant liquid is the clear layer above a settled precipitate.
滤液是通过滤纸的液体；残渣是留在滤纸上的固体。馏出液是蒸馏过程中收集的液体。上清液是沉淀沉降后上方的清澈液体。
Burette delivers a variable measured volume of liquid, usually to the nearest 0.05 cm³; used in titrations. Pipette delivers a fixed volume, such as 25.0 cm³. Volumetric flask makes up a solution to an exact volume. Know these for accurate practical descriptions.
滴定管可量取可变的精确体积，通常至 0.05 cm³；用于滴定。移液管量取固定体积，如 25.0 cm³。容量瓶用于配制精确体积的溶液。熟悉这些词汇以准确描述实验操作。
12. Quick-Review Vocabulary Table | 快速复习词汇表
| English Term | 中文 | Key Idea |
|---|---|---|
| Atom | 原子 | Smallest particle of an element in a reaction |
| Ion | 离子 | Charged particle formed by loss or gain of electrons |
| Isotope | 同位素 | Same protons, different neutrons |
| Mole | 摩尔 | Amount containing 6.02×10²³ particles |
| Covalent bond | 共价键 | Shared pair of electrons |
| Activation energy | 活化能 | Minimum energy for a reaction to occur |
| Catalyst | 催化剂 | Speeds up reaction without being used up |
| Equilibrium | 平衡 | Forward and backward rates equal |
| Redox | 氧化还原 | Reaction involving both oxidation and reduction |
| Polymer | 聚合物 | Long-chain molecule made of repeating units |
Combine this table with the flashcards and root-analysis method described earlier. Spend five minutes daily reviewing a column or row, and soon these terms will become second nature. Consistent, active recall is your secret weapon for the CAIE Chemistry exam.
结合本表与前文介绍的抽认卡和词根分析法。每天花五分钟回顾一列或一行，这些术语很快会变得运用自如。持续主动的回忆是你应对 CAIE 化学考试的秘籍。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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