📚 Year 11 Eduqas Psychology: Key Terms & Vocabulary Rapid Memorisation Guide | Eduqas 11 年级心理学：关键术语词汇速记指南
Mastering the terminology of GCSE Psychology is the first step towards top marks. This guide breaks down essential Eduqas terms into memorable chunks, using rhymes, visuals, and links to real life so you can recall them instantly in the exam hall.
掌握 GCSE 心理学术语是取得高分的第一步。本指南将 Eduqas 核心词汇拆解成易记的模块，运用押韵、画面感和生活链接，让你在考场中瞬间提取。
1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法基础术语
Independent variable (IV): The factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Remember: 'I' for 'I change'.
自变量 (IV)： 研究者有意改变或操纵的因素。记忆口诀：'I' 代表 '我改变'。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor measured to see the effect of the IV. Think 'D' for 'data collected'.
因变量 (DV)： 测量自变量效应的因素。联想 'D' 为 '收集数据'。
Extraneous variable: An unwanted variable that could affect the DV if not controlled. Picture an 'extra' actor on set causing chaos.
额外变量： 不加以控制就可能干扰因变量的多余变量。把它想象成片场捣乱的临时演员。
Hypothesis: A precise, testable prediction. 'Hypothesis has a P for prediction'.
假设： 一个精确、可检验的预测。 '假设' 中 '设' 暗示预设。
2. Experimental Designs Unpacked | 实验设计拆解
Independent groups design: Different participants in each condition. Mnemonic: 'INdependent groups = INdividuals are split'.
独立组设计： 每种条件下使用不同的参与者。助记：'独立' 表示两组'独立'个体。
Repeated measures design: Same participants in all conditions. Imagine repeating the test on yourself.
重复测量设计： 同组参与者经历所有条件。就像自己反复做测试。
Matched pairs design: Participants are paired on key traits, then split. Think of 'matching socks before separating them'.
配对组设计： 根据关键特征将参与者配对，再分入不同条件。好比先把袜子配对，再分别放进不同抽屉。
Counterbalancing: Varying the order of conditions to reduce order effects. Picture a seesaw balancing the sequence.
平衡抵消法： 改变条件顺序以减少顺序效应。想象跷跷板调平先后。
3. Memory Models & Processes | 记忆模型与过程
Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): → short-term memory (STM) → long-term memory (LTM). Think of a conveyor belt in a factory.
多存储模型 (Atkinson & Shiffrin)： 感觉登记 → 短时记忆 → 长时记忆。将其比作工厂传送带。
Encoding: Changing information into a form the brain can store. 'Encoding = Converting'.
编码： 将信息转换成大脑可储存的形式。编码即转换。
Capacity of STM: 7±2 items. Miller's magic number: 'seven plus or minus two'.
短时记忆容量： 7±2 个组块。米勒的魔法数字：'七加减二'。
Episodic memory: Personal experiences (like episodes of your life). Time-stamped and emotional.
情节记忆： 个人经历（如同人生剧集）。带有时间标记和情感色彩。
4. Attachment & Early Development | 依恋与早期发展
Attachment: A strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver. 'Attach' means to join firmly.
依恋： 婴儿与照料者之间强烈的情感联结。'依' 即依靠，'恋' 即眷恋。
Secure attachment: Infant explores when caregiver is present, distressed when they leave, and comforted on return. Picture a safe base.
安全型依恋： 照料者在场时探索，离开时不安，归来时得到安抚。想象一个安全基地。
Insecure-avoidant attachment: Infant ignores caregiver and shows little distress. The child appears 'avoiding' comfort.
不安全-回避型依恋： 婴儿忽视照料者，分离时无明显痛苦。孩子似乎在回避安慰。
Insecure-resistant attachment: Infant clings, is very upset on separation, and resists comfort on return. 'Resistant' means pushing away even while needing closeness.
不安全-抗拒型依恋： 婴儿紧紧黏人，分离时极度不安，重聚时又抗拒安慰。'抗拒'指的是既需要又推开。
5. Social Influence Key Words | 社会影响关键词
Conformity: Changing behaviour or beliefs to match the group. 'Conform' sounds like 'con-form' – fitting into a mould.
从众： 改变行为或信念以符合群体。'从'即跟随，'众'即大众。
Obedience: Following direct orders from an authority figure. 'Obey' is to obey commands.
服从： 听从权威角色的直接命令。'服从' 强调听从指令。
Bystander effect: The more people present, the less likely anyone helps. Think 'diffusion of responsibility' – everyone assumes another will act.
旁观者效应： 在场的人越多，个体提供帮助的可能性越小。责任扩散：人人都以为别人会行动。
Social loafing: Individuals exert less effort in a group. Imagine 'loafing around' while others work.
社会懈怠： 个体在群体中出力减少。脑海浮现有人偷懒 'loafing' 不动。
6. Brain & Neuropsychology Terms | 大脑与神经心理学词汇
Frontal lobe: Responsible for decision-making, personality, and voluntary movement. 'Front' for the forward-thinking brain.
额叶： 负责决策、人格和随意运动。位于大脑最前侧，主管高级思维。
Temporal lobe: Processes auditory information and memory. 'Temporal' sounds like 'tempo' – keeping time and sound.
颞叶： 处理听觉信息和记忆。'颞' 靠近太阳穴，掌管声音节拍。
Occipital lobe: Visual processing centre. 'Occular/optic' hinting at eyes.
枕叶： 视觉处理中心。记法：'枕' 是后脑勺，睡觉闭上眼睛，视觉相关。
Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger crossing the synapse. Picture a tiny boat carrying a letter across a gap.
神经递质： 跨越突触间隙的化学信使。想象一艘小船载着信件穿过缝隙。
7. Psychological Problems Terminology | 心理问题术语
Phobia: Persistent, irrational fear of an object or situation. 'Phobia' shares root with 'fear' – think 'photo' for light, 'arachno' for spider.
恐惧症： 对某物体或情境持续、非理性的恐惧。'恐惧' 即过度害怕。
Classical conditioning: Learning by association. Pavlov's dogs: bell (NS) + food (UCS) → salivation (CR). Link a neutral to a reflex.
经典条件反射： 通过联结学习。巴甫洛夫的狗：铃声（中性刺激）+食物（无条件刺激）→唾液分泌（条件反应）。
Systematic desensitisation: Gradual exposure to feared stimulus while relaxed. 'Systematic' means step by step; 'de-sensitise' reduces sensitivity.
系统脱敏法： 在放松状态下逐步暴露于恐惧刺激。'系统' 意为循序渐进，'脱敏' 降低敏感。
Flooding: Immediate, intense exposure to the phobic stimulus until fear subsides. Like being 'flooded' with the fear all at once.
满灌法： 让个体立即、强烈地暴露于恐惧刺激，直至恐惧消退。如同恐惧'洪流'瞬间淹没。
8. Approaches in Psychology | 心理学流派
Biological approach: Explains behaviour through genes, brain structures, and neurochemistry. Think 'bio = life'.
生物心理学取向： 从基因、大脑结构和神经化学解释行为。'生物' 即生命基础。
Behaviourist approach: Focuses on observable behaviour and learning through conditioning. 'Behaviour you can see'.
行为主义取向： 关注可观察的行为及通过条件作用学习。只研究看得见的行为。
Cognitive approach: Studies internal mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving. 'Cognition' = thinking.
认知取向： 研究记忆、知觉、问题解决等内在心理过程。'认知' 即思考过程。
Psychodynamic approach: Emphasises unconscious drives and childhood experiences. 'Psycho' = mind, 'dynamic' = active forces.
心理动力学取向： 强调无意识驱力和童年经历。'心理动力' 指内心活跃的力量。
9. Command Words for Exam Success | 考试指令词通关
Identify: Name, list, or point out. Short and simple – no explanation needed.
识别/指出： 说出名称、列出或指明。简短回答，无需解释。
Describe: Give a detailed account. Picture painting a vivid picture with words.
描述： 给出详细叙述。就像用文字描绘一幅生动的画。
Explain: Give reasons 'why' or 'how'. Use 'because' to show cause and effect.
解释： 说明原因或机制。多用 '因为' 来展示因果关系。
Evaluate: Weigh strengths and weaknesses, make a judgement. 'E-value-ate' – assess the value.
评价： 权衡优缺点，做出判断。评价即评估价值。
10. Rapid Recall Games with Key Terms | 关键术语快速回忆游戏
Acronym story: Create a silly sentence using the first letters of terms, e.g. 'Every Smart Owl Likes Reading' for Ethical, Standardised, Operationalised, Lab, Reliable.
首字母故事法： 用术语首字母编荒诞句子，如 '每位聪明猫头鹰爱读书' 对应伦理、标准化、操作化、实验室、信度。
Mind palace: Place each term in a familiar room. The independent variable lives on your desk, the dependent variable hides under the bed.
记忆宫殿： 将每个术语放入熟悉房间。自变量放在书桌上，因变量藏在床底下。
Word pairs: Link term to a rhyming or visual image, such as 'synapse' – imagine a gap with a snap button.
词语配对： 将术语与押韵形象联结，如 'synapse (突触)' – 想象一个有按扣的间隙 (snap)。
Self-quizzing: Write the term on one side of a card, definition on the other, and test yourself repeatedly. Recall before you check.
自测卡片： 卡片正面写术语，背面写定义，反复自我检测。先回忆再核对。
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