📚 Year 11 Eduqas Economics: Glossary & Quick Memory Guide | Eduqas 经济学 Year 11 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of economics is the first step toward exam success. In Year 11 Eduqas Economics, a solid command of key terms not only helps you understand the subject but also enables you to write precise, analytical answers. This guide groups essential terminology into themed sections, pairing definitions with Chinese explanations and memory aids so you can learn quickly and retain effectively.
掌握经济学的语言是通往考试成功的第一步。在 Year 11 Eduqas 经济课程中，扎实掌握关键术语不仅能帮助你理解学科内容，还能让你写出精准、有分析力的答案。本指南将核心术语按主题分组，搭配中文释义与记忆策略，助你高效学习、持久记忆。
1. Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性、选择与机会成本
Scarcity refers to the basic economic problem: unlimited wants but limited resources. Because resources are finite, society must make choices about what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce.
稀缺性指的是基本经济问题：无限的欲望与有限的资源之间的矛盾。由于资源有限，社会必须在生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产上做出选择。
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone when an economic decision is made. It is not simply the money spent; it is the benefit lost from the second-best option.
机会成本是做出经济决策时所放弃的次优选择。它不仅仅指花掉的钱，而是放弃的次优选项所带来的收益。
A trade-off occurs when you give up one thing to gain another, which often involves an opportunity cost. In a production possibility curve, moving from one point to another illustrates the trade-off and the opportunity cost.
权衡发生在你为获得某物而放弃另一物时，这通常涉及机会成本。在生产可能性曲线上，从一点移动到另一点就展示了这种权衡和机会成本。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Land includes all natural resources used in production, such as oil, water, forests and minerals. The reward for land is rent.
土地包括用于生产的所有自然资源，如石油、水、森林和矿产。土地的报酬是地租。
Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, used to produce goods and services. Its reward is wages or salaries.
劳动是用于生产商品和服务的人力付出，包括体力和脑力。劳动的报酬是工资或薪金。
Capital refers to man-made aids for production, like machinery, tools and factories. The reward for capital is interest.
资本是指人造的生产辅助工具，如机器、工具和厂房。资本的报酬是利息。
Enterprise is the willingness and ability to take risks in organising the other three factors. Entrepreneurs combine land, labour and capital to create products. The reward is profit.
企业家精神是组织其他三种生产要素并承担风险的意愿和能力。企业家将土地、劳动和资本结合起来创造产品。其报酬是利润。
3. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a given time period. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as price falls, quantity demanded rises.
需求是在一段给定时间内，消费者在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格下降，需求量上升。
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices over a given period. The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity supplied rises.
供给是在一段给定时间内，生产者愿意并且能够提供出售的商品或服务数量。供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，供给量上升。
A shift in the demand curve occurs when a non-price determinant changes, such as income, tastes or the price of related goods. A movement along the curve happens only when the good's own price changes.
当非价格决定因素（如收入、偏好或相关商品价格）变化时，需求曲线会发生移动。只有当商品自身价格变化时，才会发生沿曲线的移动。
Similarly, a shift in supply is caused by changes in factors like production costs, technology or indirect taxes. A movement along the supply curve results solely from a price change.
类似地，生产成本、技术或间接税等因素的变化会引起供给曲线的移动。沿供给曲线的移动仅由价格变化引起。
4. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性
PED measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated using the formula:
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。其计算公式为：
PED = %Change in Quantity Demanded ÷ %Change in Price
| Value of PED | Term | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| PED > 1 | Elastic | Quantity demanded changes more than proportionately to price change. |
| PED < 1 | Inelastic | Quantity demanded changes less than proportionately to price change. |
| PED = 1 | Unitary elastic | Quantity demanded changes in exact proportion to price change. |
When PED is elastic, a price cut raises total revenue; when inelastic, a price cut lowers total revenue. This relationship is crucial for firms making pricing decisions.
当需求价格弹性富有弹性时，降价会增加总收入；当缺乏弹性时，降价会减少总收入。这种关系对于企业定价决策至关重要。
5. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给价格弹性
PES measures how responsive quantity supplied is to a change in price. The formula is:
供给价格弹性衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。计算公式为：
PES = %Change in Quantity Supplied ÷ %Change in Price
If PES is greater than 1, supply is elastic – producers can increase output quickly. If PES is less than 1, supply is inelastic – output responds slowly to price changes. Factors affecting PES include production time, spare capacity and the availability of raw materials.
若 PES 大于 1，供给富有弹性——生产者能迅速增加产出。若 PES 小于 1，供给缺乏弹性——产出对价格变化反应缓慢。影响 PES 的因素包括生产周期、剩余产能和原材料的可得性。
6. Market Equilibrium and Disequilibrium | 市场均衡与非均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, and there is no tendency for price to change. At the equilibrium price, the market clears.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量，且价格没有变动趋势时。在均衡价格下，市场出清。
Excess demand (shortage) happens when the current price is below equilibrium, so quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. This pushes price upward.
超额需求（短缺）发生在当前价格低于均衡价格时，需求量超过供给量，这会推动价格上涨。
Excess supply (surplus) occurs when price is above equilibrium, so quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. This pushes price downward until equilibrium is restored.
超额供给（过剩）发生在价格高于均衡价格时，供给量超过需求量，这会推动价格下降，直至恢复均衡。
7. Market Failure and Externalities | 市场失灵与外部性
Market failure exists when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net social welfare loss. Common causes include externalities, public goods and information gaps.
市场失灵是指自由市场未能有效配置资源，导致社会净福利损失。常见原因包括外部性、公共物品和信息不对称。
An externality is a cost or benefit that falls on a third party not directly involved in the transaction. A negative externality, such as pollution, imposes external costs on society. A positive externality, such as vaccinations, generates external benefits.
外部性是指交易中未直接参与的第三方承受的成本或收益。负外部性（如污染）给社会带来外部成本。正外部性（如疫苗接种）产生外部收益。
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. This means no one can be stopped from using them (free-rider problem), and one person's use does not reduce availability for others. Street lighting is a classic example.
公共物品具有非排他性和非竞争性。这意味着无法阻止任何人使用（搭便车问题），且一人使用不会减少对他人的可用量。路灯是经典例子。
8. Macroeconomic Objectives | 宏观经济目标
Governments typically pursue four main macroeconomic objectives: sustainable economic growth, low and stable inflation, low unemployment and a satisfactory balance of payments on the current account. Additionally, governments may aim for environmental protection and a more equal income distribution.
政府通常追求四个主要宏观经济目标：可持续的经济增长、低位稳定的通胀率、低失业率以及国际收支经常账户的平衡。此外，政府还可能追求环境保护和更公平的收入分配。
Economic growth is measured by the percentage change in real GDP (gross domestic product). Real GDP strips out the effect of inflation, showing the actual increase in output.
经济增长以实际 GDP（国内生产总值）的百分比变化来衡量。实际 GDP 剔除了通胀影响，显示产出的真实增长。
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level. It is commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Low inflation is usually set at around 2% in many economies.
通货膨胀是总体价格水平的持续上升，通常用消费者价格指数（CPI）来衡量。许多经济体将低通胀目标设定在 2% 左右。
9. Inflation and Unemployment | 通货膨胀与失业
Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand grows faster than the economy's productive capacity, pulling prices up. Cost-push inflation arises when rising production costs (e.g., wages, raw materials) push prices upward.
需求拉动型通胀发生在总需求增长快于经济生产能力时，从而拉高价格。成本推动型通胀则因生产成本（如工资、原材料）上升而推高价格。
Unemployment refers to those actively seeking work but unable to find a job. Cyclical unemployment is caused by a lack of aggregate demand during a downturn. Structural unemployment is due to a mismatch between workers' skills and available jobs.
失业指积极寻找工作但找不到工作的人。周期性失业由经济下行期间总需求不足引起。结构性失业则源于工人技能与现有岗位之间的错配。
The Phillips curve suggests an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run, though this trade-off can shift due to supply-side shocks.
菲利普斯曲线表明，短期内通胀与失业之间呈反向关系，尽管这一权衡可能因供给侧冲击而发生移动。
10. Fiscal and Monetary Policy | 财政政策与货币政策
Fiscal policy involves changes in government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Expansionary fiscal policy (higher spending, lower taxes) aims to boost aggregate demand; contractionary fiscal policy (lower spending, higher taxes) aims to cool an overheating economy.
财政政策通过改变政府支出和税收来影响经济。扩张性财政政策（增加支出、减税）旨在提振总需求；紧缩性财政政策（削减支出、增税）旨在给过热经济降温。
Monetary policy uses interest rates and the money supply to manage economic activity. A lower base rate encourages borrowing and spending, raising aggregate demand. A higher base rate does the opposite. In the UK, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of England sets the base rate.
货币政策利用利率和货币供给来管理经济活动。降低基准利率鼓励借贷和支出，提高总需求；提高基准利率则相反。在英国，英格兰银行的货币政策委员会（MPC）负责设定基准利率。
Quantitative easing (QE) is an unconventional monetary policy where the central bank creates new money electronically to buy government bonds, aiming to inject liquidity into the financial system and lower long-term interest rates.
量化宽松（QE）是非常规货币政策，中央银行通过电子方式创造新货币购买政府债券，旨在向金融体系注入流动性并降低长期利率。
11. International Trade and Protectionism | 国际贸易与保护主义
International trade allows countries to specialise according to comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage when it can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
国际贸易使各国能根据比较优势进行专业化生产。当一个国家生产某种商品的机会成本低于另一个国家时，它就具有比较优势。
Protectionism refers to trade barriers that shield domestic industries from foreign competition. Tariffs are taxes on imports, which raise the price of foreign goods. Quotas set a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported.
保护主义指通过贸易壁垒保护国内产业免受外国竞争。关税是对进口商品征收的税，会提高外国商品的价格。配额则对可进口的商品数量设定物理限制。
Other non-tariff barriers include subsidies to domestic producers, strict regulations and embargoes. While protectionism may save jobs, it can lead to higher prices for consumers and retaliation from trading partners.
其他非关税壁垒包括对国内生产者的补贴、严格的法规和禁运。虽然保护主义可能保住就业，但它会导致消费者支付更高价格并引发贸易伙伴的报复。
12. Exchange Rates | 汇率
The exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another. An appreciation means the currency has strengthened, so you can buy more foreign currency with your domestic currency. A depreciation means the currency has weakened.
汇率是以另一国货币表示的一国货币的价格。升值意味着本币走强，用本币可以兑换更多的外国货币。贬值意味着本币走弱。
A stronger pound makes imports cheaper and exports more expensive, which can worsen the UK's current account balance. A weaker pound makes exports cheaper and imports dearer, potentially improving the trade balance.
英镑走强使进口更便宜、出口更昂贵，这可能会恶化英国经常账户收支。英镑走弱则使出口更便宜、进口更昂贵，从而潜在地改善贸易平衡。
The exchange rate can be determined by a floating system, where market demand and supply set the rate, or by a fixed system, where the government pegs its currency to another. In reality, many countries use a managed float.
汇率可由浮动汇率制度决定，由市场供求决定汇率水平；也可由固定汇率制度决定，政府将本币与另一货币挂钩。实际上，许多国家采用有管理的浮动汇率制度。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图