📚 Year 11 Eduqas Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is the fastest route to top marks in your GCSE Science exams. This guide unpacks the most frequently tested terms across Biology, Chemistry and Physics, revealing clever memory hooks, word roots and visual links that make recall instantaneous. Use these bite-sized explanations to build confidence and reduce confusion before your Eduqas assessments.
掌握科学术语是你在GCSE科学考试中取得高分的最快途径。本指南剖析了生物、化学和物理中最常考的核心术语，揭示出巧妙的记忆钩子、词根和视觉联系，让回忆变得瞬间完成。使用这些简短精炼的解释，在Eduqas评估前建立信心、消除混淆。
1. Scientific Method & Experimental Terminology | 科学方法与实验术语
Independent variable (IV) is the factor you deliberately change in an experiment. Think of it as the ‘I change’ variable – its name begins with ‘I’ for independence. You always plot it on the x-axis of a graph.
自变量（Independent variable）是你在实验中刻意改变的因素。可以把它想象成‘我改变的’变量——它的英文以‘I’开头，代表独立。作图时总是把它放在x轴上。
Dependent variable (DV) is what you measure or observe, the outcome that depends on the IV. Remember ‘D’ for ‘Data collected’. It goes on the y-axis.
因变量（Dependent variable）是你测量或观察的结果，它取决于自变量。记住‘D’代表‘收集的数据’（Data）。它放在y轴上。
Control variables are all the factors that must be kept identical to ensure a fair test. Use the mnemonic ‘Cows Moo Softly’ – Change, Measure, Same – to recall IV, DV and controls.
控制变量是所有必须保持相同的因素，以确保公平测试。用助记法‘Cows Moo Softly’（改变、测量、相同）来回忆自变量、因变量和控制变量。
Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the true value; precision describes how closely repeated measurements agree. Imagine a bullseye target: accurate hits cluster near the centre, precise hits cluster tightly but may be off-centre.
准确性（Accuracy）指测量值接近真实值的程度；精确性（Precision）指重复测量结果的一致程度。想象一个靶心：准确的击中聚集在中心附近，精确的击中紧密聚集但可能偏离中心。
Repeatable results are obtained when the same person uses the same method and equipment in identical conditions, while reproducible results come when different people perform the experiment. Both reduce random errors.
可重复性（Repeatable）结果是指同一人在相同条件下用相同方法和设备获得相近结果；可再现性（Reproducible）结果则是不同人操作实验得出相近结论。两者都能减少随机误差。
2. Physical Quantities, Units & Symbols | 物理量、单位与符号
Scalar quantities have only magnitude (size), e.g. speed, distance, mass, temperature. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, e.g. velocity, displacement, force, acceleration. For vectors, always include an arrow or a direction word.
标量只有大小（量值），如速率、路程、质量、温度。矢量既有大小又有方向，如速度、位移、力、加速度。对于矢量，始终要画出箭头或写出方向词。
The SI unit of force is the newton (N). Link it to a familiar push: the weight of an apple is about 1 N. The unit of energy is the joule (J) – one joule lifts an apple by 1 metre.
力的国际单位是牛顿（N）。把它和熟悉的推力联系起来：一个苹果的重量约为1 N。能量的单位是焦耳（J）——1焦耳是把一个苹果提升1米所做的功。
, d is distance (m), t is time (s). Remember that velocity is speed in a stated direction.
使用速度的公式三角形：v = d / t。这里v是速率（m/s），d是距离（m），t是时间（s）。记住：速度就是带有方向的速率。
ρ = m / V
The Greek letter rho (ρ) stands for density, m is mass (kg), V is volume (m³). Many students recall this formula by the phrase ‘My Volvo’ – mass over volume.
希腊字母ρ代表密度，m是质量（kg），V是体积（m³）。许多学生用‘My Volvo’这句话来记住质量除以体积。
| Quantity | Symbol | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Current | I | ampere (A) |
| Potential difference | V | volt (V) |
| Resistance | R | ohm (Ω) |
Keep this table at hand – Eduqas questions frequently ask you to recall the correct unit and symbol for electrical quantities.
把这张表放在手边——Eduqas考题经常要求你回忆电学量的正确单位和符号。
3. Forces & Motion Core Vocabulary | 力与运动核心词汇
Resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all original forces acting together. When resultant force is zero, the object stays at rest or moves at constant speed – this is Newton's first law.
合力（Resultant force）是与所有原有力共同作用效果相同的单一力。当合力为零时，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动——这就是牛顿第一定律。
nitial velocity and v is final velocity. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (deceleration).
加速度（a）是速度变化的快慢：a = (v − u) / t，其中u为初速度，v为末速度。加速度可以是正值（加速）或负值（减速）。
orce on it (N). Use W = m × g, where g = 9.8 m/s² on Earth. Never confuse mass with weight!
质量（Mass）是物体所含物质的多少（kg）；重量（Weight）是作用在其上的引力（N）。使用W = m × g，地球上g = 9.8 m/s²。千万不要混淆质量和重量！
Terminal velocity is reached when drag (or air resistance) equals weight. At this instant, the resultant force becomes zero and the object no longer accelerates. A skydiver first speeds up, then air resistance rises until the forces balance.
终端速度（Terminal velocity）是当阻力（或空气阻力）等于重量时达到的速度。此刻合力为零，物体不再加速。跳伞者先加速，随后空气阻力增大直至二力平衡。
F = m a
Newton's second law links force, mass and acceleration. A larger resultant force produces a greater acceleration, while a larger mass reduces acceleration for the same force.
牛顿第二定律联系了力、质量和加速度。更大的合力产生更大的加速度，而更大的质量在相同力的作用下会降低加速度。
4. Electricity & Circuit Terminology | 电与电路术语
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. In a metal wire, it is carried by moving electrons. Imagine current as water flowing through a pipe – more flow means larger current.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率。在金属导线中，它由移动的电子携带。把电流想象成水流过管道——水流越大，电流就越大。
Potential difference (V) is what pushes charge around a circuit. It is energy transferred per unit charge. A battery provides the ‘push’. Use the word ‘voltage drop’ to describe p.d. across a component.
电势差（V）是推动电荷绕行电路的驱动力，即单位电荷转移的能量。电池提供这种‘推力’。用‘电压降’来描述元件两端的电势差。
urrent. A component with high resistance needs a large p.d. to drive the same current. Ohm's Law, V = I R, holds when temperature is constant.
电阻（R）阻碍电流流动。电阻高的元件需要较大的电势差才能驱动相同的电流。欧姆定律V = I R在温度恒定时成立。
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere and p.d. splits; removing one component breaks the whole loop. In parallel circuits, p.d. is the same across each branch and current splits; individual branches can work independently.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，电势差分摊；移除一个元件会断开整个回路。在并联电路中，各支路电势差相等，电流分流；单一支路可以独立工作。
- Series: 'same current, shared voltage'
- Parallel: 'same voltage, shared current' – remember 'parallel = independent'.
- 串联：‘电流相同，电压分摊’
- 并联：‘电压相同，电流分摊’——记住‘并联=独立’。
5. Energy, Work & Power | 能量、功与功率
Energy is stored in various stores: kinetic (movement), gravitational potential (height), thermal (heat), chemical (bonds), elastic (stretched/compressed) and nuclear. In Eduqas exams, describe the stores before and after a change.
能量储存在多种储能库中：动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、热能（热）、化学能（键能）、弹性势能（拉伸或压缩）和核能。在Eduqas考试中，描述变化前后的储能库。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Kinetic energy depends on the square of speed. Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy. Use this when analysing stopping distances.
动能跟速度的平方成正比。速度加倍，动能变成四倍。分析刹车距离时使用此公式。
Eₚ = m g h
Gravitational potential energy depends on mass, gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg) and height. The higher the object, the greater its stored energy.
重力势能取决于质量、引力场强度（9.8 N/kg）和高度。物体位置越高，储存的能量越多。
(work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force). Work is measured in joules.
做功是指力移动物体时转移的能量：W = F × d（功 = 力 × 在力的方向上移动的距离）。功的单位为焦耳。
ul device transfers a lot of energy each second. The unit is the watt (W), equivalent to J/s.
功率（P）是做功或转移能量的快慢。P = E / t。大功率设备每秒转移大量能量。单位为瓦特（W），等于J/s。
6. States of Matter & Particulate Changes | 物质状态与微粒变化
In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate about fixed positions. They have the least energy. In liquids, particles are close but can slide past each other, taking the shape of their container. In gases, particles are far apart, move rapidly and fill any container.
固态中，微粒紧密排列成规则图案，只能在固定位置振动。它们能量最低。液态中，微粒紧密但能相互滑动，呈现容器形状。气态中，微粒相距很远，快速运动，充满整个容器。
Melting and freezing occur at the same temperature: the melting point. During a change of state, temperature stays constant because energy goes into breaking or forming bonds. This is called latent heat.
熔化和凝固发生在同一温度：熔点。状态改变期间，温度保持不变，因为能量用于打断或形成键。这称为潜热。
Evaporation differs from boiling: evaporation happens at the surface, at any temperature, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid at the boiling point. Wind, surface area and temperature all speed up evaporation.
蒸发与沸腾不同：蒸发在任何温度下发生于液体表面，而沸腾在沸点时贯穿整个液体。风、表面积和温度都能加快蒸发。
Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas without passing through liquid, e.g. dry ice (solid CO₂). The reverse is deposition.
升华（Sublimation）是固体直接变气体的过程，不经过液态，例如干冰（固体CO₂）。其逆过程为凝华。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration due to random motion. It is faster in gases and at higher temperatures because particles have more kinetic energy.
扩散（Diffusion）是微粒由于随机运动从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动的现象。气体中扩散更快，温度越高也越快，因为微粒拥有更多动能。
7. Atomic Structure, Elements & the Periodic Table | 原子结构、元素与周期表
Atoms consist of a tiny, dense nucleus containing protons (+1 charge) and neutrons (no charge), surrounded by electrons (−1 charge) in shells. The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons, which defines the element. Mass number (A) is protons + neutrons.
原子由微小致密的原子核（包含带+1电荷的质子和不带电的中子）以及分层排布的电子（−1电荷）构成。原子序数（Z）是质子数，定义了元素种类。质量数（A）为质子数加中子数。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different masses. Carbon has three isotopes: ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C.
同位素（Isotopes）是指质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。它们化学性质相同，但质量不同。碳有三种同位素：¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C。
Electrons fill shells in the order 2,8,8. The group number for main-group elements tells you the number of outer electrons, which determines chemical reactivity. Elements in the same group have similar properties.
电子按2,8,8的顺序填充电子层。主族元素的族号告诉你最外层电子数，这决定了化学活泼性。同族元素具有相似性质。
Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table, are shiny, malleable, good conductors, and form positive ions. Non-metals are on the right, dull, brittle, poor conductors, and often form negative ions or share electrons.
金属位于周期表左侧，光泽度高、延展性好、导热导电，并形成正离子。非金属位于右侧，无光泽、脆性、导电导热差，通常形成负离子或共用电子。
The modern periodic table arranges elements by increasing atomic number. Periods run horizontally; groups run vertically. Transition metals sit in the centre block and can form coloured compounds with variable charges.
现代周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。周期水平排列，族垂直排列。过渡金属位于中央区域，能形成带色的可变电荷化合物。
8. Chemical Bonding, Reactions & Stoichiometry | 化学键、反应与计量
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. Metal atoms lose electrons to become positive ions (cations), non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions (anions). The electrostatic attraction forms a giant ionic lattice. NaCl is a classic example: Na⁺ and Cl⁻.
离子键形成于金属与非金属之间。金属原子失去电子成为正离子（阳离子），非金属原子得到电子成为负离子（阴离子）。静电引力构成巨大的离子晶格。NaCl是典型例子：Na⁺和Cl⁻。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. It forms molecules (e.g. H₂O, CO₂) or giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, silicon dioxide). Simple molecular substances have low melting points; giant covalent have very high melting points.
共价键是非金属原子间共享电子对。它形成分子（如H₂O, CO₂）或巨型共价结构（如金刚石、二氧化硅）。简单分子物质熔点低；巨型共价结构熔点极高。
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products – the law of conservation of mass. You must balance equations by adjusting coefficients, never change chemical formulas. Use the mnemonic 'Moles of Each Atom Balance' – M.E.A.B.
化学反应中，反应物总质量等于生成物总质量——质量守恒定律。你必须通过调整化学式前的系数来配平方程式，绝不能改变化学式本身。用助记符‘M.E.A.B.’（每种原子的摩尔平衡）记忆。
ss (Aᵣ) in grams equals the mass of one mole. Use formula: moles = mass / Aᵣ for elements and moles = mass / Mᵣ for compounds.
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1摩尔任何物质含有6.02 × 10²³个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。以克为单位的相对原子质量（Aᵣ）即为1摩尔的质量。对于元素，使用公式：摩尔 = 质量 / Aᵣ；对于化合物，摩尔 = 质量 / Mᵣ。
9. Cells, Genetics & Variation | 细胞、遗传与变异
otic cells (bacteria) are smaller, lack a nucleus and have a single loop of DNA. Remember: ‘Eu = true’ (has nucleus), ‘Pro = before’ (no nucleus).
真核细胞（植物和动物）具有细胞核、细胞质和膜包裹的细胞器。原核细胞（细菌）较小，无细胞核，只有单链DNA。记住：‘Eu’意为‘真正的’（有核），‘Pro’意为‘之前的’（无核）。
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration: they release energy from glucose. Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesised. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell – it is selectively permeable.
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所：它们从葡萄糖释放能量。核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所。细胞膜控制物质的进出——它具有选择透过性。
DNA is a double helix polymer that carries genetic information. A gene is a section of DNA coding for a specific protein. Chromosomes are long, coiled DNA molecules found within the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged as 23 pairs.
DNA是携带遗传信息的双螺旋高分子。基因（Gene）是编码特定蛋白质的一段DNA。染色体是位于细胞核内的长链卷曲DNA分子。人类有46条染色体，排列成23对。
Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Dominant alleles (e.g. A) mask recessive alleles (e.g. a). The genotype is the combination of alleles (AA, Aa, aa); the phenotype is the observable characteristic. Use a Punnett square to predict offspring traits.
等位基因（Alleles）是同一基因的不同版本。显性等位基因（如A）遮盖隐性等位基因（如a）。基因型是等位基因的组合（AA, Aa, aa）；表现型是可观察的特征。使用旁氏表（Punnett square）预测后代表现。
Variation can be genetic (inherited), environmental, or a combination. Continuous variation (e.g. height) shows a bell-shaped distribution; discontinuous variation (e.g. tongue rolling) has distinct groups.
变异可以是遗传的、环境的或两者结合。连续变异（如身高）呈钟形分布；不连续变异（如卷舌能力）有明显类别。
10. Ecology & Biological Cycles | 生态学与生物循环
A habitat is where an organism lives; a population is all members of a species in a habitat; a community is all populations together; an ecosystem includes the community and the abiotic factors like temperature and light.
栖息地（Habitat）是生物生活的地方；种群（Population）是栖息地中同一物种的所有成员；群落（Community）是所有种群的集合；生态系统（Ecosystem）则包含群落和温度、光照等非生物因素。
eat other organisms; decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.
生产者（通常是绿色植物）通过光合作用自制食物：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。消费者取食其他生物；分解者（细菌、真菌）分解死物并循环利用营养物质。
The carbon cycle moves carbon between atmosphere, organisms and the Earth. Photosynthesis removes CO₂ from air; respiration, combustion and decomposition return CO₂. Remember the cycle using the phrase 'Photo out, Resp back'.
碳循环使碳在大气、生物体和地球间移动。光合作用从空气中移除CO₂；呼吸作用、燃烧和分解将CO₂归还。用‘Photo out, Resp back’这句话记住循环方向。
Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms in an area. Deforestation, pollution and climate change reduce biodiversity. Sustainable practices, such as recycling resources and conserving habitats, help maintain biodiversity.
生物多样性（Biodiversity）是一个地区生物种类的多样化。毁林、污染和气候变化会降低生物多样性。可持续措施，如资源回收和栖息地保护，有助于维持生物多样性。
Energy transfers along food chains, but only about 10% is passed from one trophic level to the next. The rest is lost as heat through
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