📚 Year 11 Eduqas Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 物理：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help you rapidly learn and recall the key terms that appear throughout the Year 11 Eduqas Physics course. Each term is explained in clear, concise English followed by its Chinese translation, with important equations integrated directly into the definitions. Use this resource to strengthen your command of physics language and boost your exam confidence.
本指南旨在帮助你快速学习和记忆 Year 11 Eduqas 物理课程中的关键术语。每个术语先用简洁清晰的英文解释，紧接着提供中文翻译，重要方程直接融入定义之中。利用本资源巩固你的物理语言能力，提升考试信心。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Displacement: A vector quantity describing the straight-line distance between an object's start and end points, together with the direction. It differs from distance, which is scalar and ignores direction.
位移：一个矢量，描述物体起点到终点的直线距离以及方向。它与路程不同，路程是标量，不考虑方向。
Velocity: The speed of an object in a particular direction; a vector. If an object moves at constant speed but changes direction, its velocity changes.
速度：物体在特定方向上的速率，是矢量。如果物体以恒定速率移动但改变方向，其速度会发生变化。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. It is a vector and can be calculated as a = (v − u) / t, where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity and t is time taken. An object decelerating has negative acceleration.
加速度：速度的变化率。它是矢量，可用 a = (v − u) / t 计算，其中 v 为末速度，u 为初速度，t 为时间。减速的物体具有负加速度。
Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. According to Newton’s second law, F = m × a: resultant force (N) equals mass (kg) times acceleration (m/s²).
合力：与作用在物体上所有力共同效果相同的单一力。根据牛顿第二定律，F = m × a：合力（牛）等于质量（千克）乘以加速度（米每二次方秒）。
Weight: The force of gravity on an object’s mass. It is calculated with W = m × g, where g is the gravitational field strength (on Earth about 9.8 N/kg). Weight is a vector directed towards the centre of the planet.
重力：作用在物体质量上的引力。计算公式为 W = m × g，其中 g 为引力场强度（地球约 9.8 N/kg）。重力是矢量，方向指向地心。
Momentum: A property of moving objects, defined as the product of mass and velocity: p = m × v. In a closed system, total momentum before a collision or explosion equals total momentum afterwards (conservation of momentum).
动量：运动物体的属性，定义为质量与速度的乘积：p = m × v。在封闭系统中，碰撞或爆炸前的总动量等于之后的总动量（动量守恒）。
Stopping distance: The total distance a vehicle travels from the moment the driver spots a hazard to when the vehicle stops completely. It is the sum of thinking distance (reaction time) and braking distance (distance under braking force).
停车距离：从驾驶员发现危险到车辆完全停止所行驶的总距离。它是反应距离（反应时间内行驶的距离）与制动距离（制动力作用下的距离）之和。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy (KE): The energy an object possesses due to its motion. It is given by KE = ½ m v², so doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能 (KE)：物体由于运动而具有的能量。公式为 KE = ½ m v²，因此速度加倍会导致动能增至四倍。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): Energy stored in an object because of its height in a gravitational field. It is calculated as GPE = m × g × h, where h is the change in height.
重力势能 (GPE)：物体因在引力场中的高度而储存的能量。计算公式为 GPE = m × g × h，其中 h 为高度变化。
Conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated, but it can never be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒：能量可以转移、储存或耗散，但永远不会被创造或消灭。封闭系统的总能量保持不变。
Work done: The amount of energy transferred when a force moves an object. Work done (in joules) is calculated as W = F × d, where F is the force in newtons and d is the distance moved in the direction of the force.
做功：力使物体移动时所转移的能量。做功（焦耳）的计算公式为 W = F × d，其中 F 为力（牛），d 为沿力方向移动的距离。
Power: The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done. Power (watts) can be found using P = E / t or P = W / t. One watt is one joule per second.
功率：能量转移或做功的速率。功率（瓦特）可用 P = E / t 或 P = W / t 计算。一瓦特等于每秒一焦耳。
Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%. No device can be 100% efficient due to energy dissipated as heat.
效率：有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示。效率 = (有用能量输出 / 总能量输入) × 100%。由于能量会以热的形式耗散，没有设备能达到 100% 的效率。
3. Electricity | 电学
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, the current is the same everywhere; in metals it is the flow of electrons from negative to positive, though conventional current flows positive to negative.
电流 (I)：电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。在单一闭合回路中，各处电流相同；在金属中它是电子从负极向正极的流动，但约定电流方向为正极到负极。
Potential difference (V): The work done per unit charge to move charge between two points, measured in volts (V). It is often called voltage and can be thought of as electrical 'push'.
电势差 (V)：将单位电荷在两点间移动所做的功，单位为伏特 (V)。常被称为电压，可视为电的“推力”。
Resistance (R): A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s law states that for a conductor at constant temperature, V = I × R. Resistors that obey this are ohmic conductors.
电阻 (R)：衡量电流通过元件难易程度的物理量，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律指出，对于温度恒定的导体，V = I × R。遵循此关系的电阻为欧姆导体。
Series circuit: Components are connected end-to-end so there is only one path for the current. Current is the same everywhere, while the total potential difference is shared across components; total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
串联电路：元件首尾相连，电流只有一条通路。各处电流相同，总电势差在各元件间分配；总电阻等于各电阻之和。
Parallel circuit: Components are connected on separate branches. The potential difference across each branch is the same as the source, while the current from the source splits along the branches. Total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance.
并联电路：元件连接在不同的支路上。各支路两端的电势差等于电源电压，而从电源出来的电流在支路间分配。总电阻小于最小的单个电阻。
Electrical power (P): The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a circuit. It can be calculated using P = I × V or P = I² × R. Energy transferred over time is E = P × t.
电功率 (P)：电路转移电能的速率。可用 P = I × V 或 P = I² × R 计算。随时间转移的能量为 E = P × t。
4. Waves | 波
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position. In a transverse wave, it is the height of a crest or depth of a trough; greater amplitude often means more energy.
振幅：波上某点偏离平衡位置的最大位移。在横波中，它是波峰的高度或波谷的深度；振幅越大通常意味着能量越多。
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, such as crest-to-crest or compression-to-compression. It is measured in metres and represented by the Greek letter lambda.
波长 (λ)：波上两个连续相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰或密部到密部。单位是米，用希腊字母 λ 表示。
Frequency (f): The number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). One hertz equals one wave per second. Wave speed is linked by v = f × λ.
频率 (f)：每秒通过某点的完整波的数目，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。1 赫兹等于每秒一个波。波速关系为 v = f × λ。
Transverse wave: A wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples include all electromagnetic waves and water ripples.
横波：振动方向垂直于能量传递方向的波。所有电磁波和水波都是横波。
Longitudinal wave: A wave where oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer, consisting of compressions and rarefactions. Sound waves in air are longitudinal.
纵波：振动方向平行于能量传递方向的波，由密部和疏部组成。空气中的声波是纵波。
Electromagnetic spectrum: A continuous range of transverse waves that all travel at the speed of light in vacuum and do not need a medium. In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
电磁波谱：一组连续的横波，在真空中都以光速传播且不需要介质。按频率递增、波长递减的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。
Refraction: The change in direction of a wave when it passes from one medium to another at an angle, caused by a change in speed. When light enters a denser medium it bends towards the normal; the wavelength changes but the frequency stays the same.
折射：波从一种介质倾斜进入另一种介质时因速度变化而发生的方向改变。光进入光密介质时向法线偏折；波长改变而频率保持不变。
5. Matter and Materials | 物质与材料
Density (ρ): The mass per unit volume of a substance, calculated by ρ = m / V. It is a material property that can be used to identify substances; an object floats if its density is less than that of the fluid it displaces.
密度 (ρ)：物质单位体积的质量，由 ρ = m / V 计算。它是可用于鉴别物质的属性；物体密度小于被排开流体的密度时会漂浮。
Specific heat capacity (c): The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. The energy transferred is E = m × c × Δθ, where Δθ is the temperature change. Water has a high specific heat capacity (4200 J/kg°C).
比热容 (c)：使 1 千克物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。转移的能量为 E = m × c × Δθ，其中 Δθ 为温度变化。水的比热容很高（4200 J/kg°C）。
Specific latent heat (L): The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without a change in temperature. Latent heat of fusion is for melting/freezing; latent heat of vaporisation is for boiling/condensing. E = m × L.
比潜热 (L)：在不改变温度的情况下，使 1 千克物质改变状态所需的能量。熔化/凝固对应熔化潜热；汽化/液化对应汽化潜热。E = m × L。
Pressure in fluids: Pressure is force per unit area, P = F / A, measured in pascals (Pa). In a liquid, pressure increases with depth and density, and acts equally in all directions. The atmosphere exerts pressure due to the weight of air above.
流体中的压强：压强是单位面积上的力，P = F / A，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)。在液体中，压强随深度和密度的增加而增大，并向各个方向均等作用。大气压源于上方空气的重力。
Internal energy: The total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Heating increases internal energy, raising temperature or causing a change of state. Particle motion (kinetic energy) relates to temperature in the particle model.
内能：系统中所有粒子动能和势能的总和。加热会增加内能，导致温度升高或状态变化。粒子模型中粒子的动能与温度相关。
6. Radioactivity | 放射性
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have identical chemical properties but different physical properties like stability; some are radioactive.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。同位素化学性质相同，但物理性质（如稳定性）不同；有些具有放射性。
Radioactive decay: The random process by which unstable atomic nuclei emit radiation to become more stable. Decay cannot be predicted for a single nucleus, but the overall rate follows a predictable pattern described by half-life.
放射性衰变：不稳定原子核随机地发射辐射以变得更稳定的过程。单个核的衰变无法预测，但总体衰变速率遵循半衰期描述的可预测规律。
Alpha particle (α): A type of nuclear radiation consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (a helium nucleus). It has low penetrating power (stopped by paper or skin) but is highly ionising. Alpha decay reduces the mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2.
α 粒子：由 2 个质子和 2 个中子组成的核辐射（氦核）。穿透能力弱（被纸或皮肤阻挡），但电离能力强。α 衰变使质量数减少 4，原子序数减少 2。
Beta particle (β⁻): A fast-moving electron ejected from the nucleus when a neutron turns into a proton. It has medium penetrating power (stopped by thin aluminium) and medium ionising ability. Beta decay leaves mass number unchanged and increases atomic number by 1.
β⁻ 粒子：当中子转变为质子时从核中发射出的快速电子。穿透能力中等（被薄铝片阻挡），电离能力中等。β 衰变质量数不变，原子序数增加 1。
Gamma ray (γ): Electromagnetic radiation of very high frequency emitted from the nucleus, often after alpha or beta decay. It has high penetrating power (reduced by thick lead) but low ionising ability. Gamma emission does not change the mass or atomic number.
γ 射线：原子核发射的极高频率电磁辐射，通常在 α 或 β 衰变后产生。穿透能力高（厚铅可减弱），但电离能力低。γ 发射不会改变质量数或原子序数。
Half‑life: The time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve, or for the count rate to fall to half its initial value. It is constant for a given isotope and used to date materials or plan medical treatments.
半衰期：样品中放射性原子核数目减半或计数率降至初值一半所需的时间。对给定同位素它是常数，用于材料定年或制定医疗方案。
Nuclear fission: The splitting of a large, unstable nucleus (e.g. uranium‑235) after absorbing a neutron, releasing energy and two or more neutrons that can trigger a chain reaction. Used in nuclear power stations.
核裂变：大而不稳定的原子核（如铀‑235）吸收中子后分裂，释放能量和两到多个中子，可引发链式反应。用于核电站。
7. Electromagnetism | 电磁学
Magnetic field: A region around a magnet or current‑carrying wire where magnetic forces are experienced. Field lines run from north to south outside the magnet; their spacing indicates field strength.
磁场：磁体或载流导线周围存在磁力作用的区域。磁体外部的磁感线从北极指向南极；线间距表示磁场强弱。
Electromagnet: A solenoid with an iron core; the magnetic field becomes very strong when current flows. Electromagnets are used in relays,
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