Cambridge IGCSE PE Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | 剑桥IGCSE体育词汇术语速记指南

📚 Cambridge IGCSE PE Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | 剑桥IGCSE体育词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the precise language of Physical Education is essential for success in the Cambridge IGCSE exam. This guide breaks down key terms into easy-to-remember chunks, with mnemonics, word roots, and context clues to help you internalise the vocabulary faster.

掌握体育学科的精确语言是剑桥IGCSE考试取得高分的关键。本指南将核心术语拆解为容易记忆的模块，借助助记法、词根和上下文线索，帮助你更快地内化这些词汇。

1. Anatomical Reference & Skeletal Basics | 解剖学参考与骨骼基础

Understanding the standard anatomical position and directional vocabulary is the foundation for describing all movement. Use the word-root method to lock in these terms.

理解标准解剖学姿势和方向词汇是描述所有动作的基础。用词根法来锁定这些术语。

• Anatomical position – standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward. 解剖学姿势 – 身体直立，面向前方，手臂垂于体侧，掌心向前。
• Superior – above or towards the head. 上方/头侧 – 靠近头部的一端。Think 'super' means higher.
• Inferior – below or towards the feet. 下方/足侧 – 靠近脚的一端。Think 'inferior' like a lower rank.
• Anterior (ventral) – front of the body. 前侧 – 身体的前面。Remember 'ante-' as in before, the front you see first.
• Posterior (dorsal) – back of the body. 后侧 – 身体的背面。Dorsal links to dorsal fin on a fish's back.
• Medial – closer to the midline. 内侧 – 更靠近身体中线。Medial = middle.
• Lateral – further from the midline. 外侧 – 远离身体中线。Side = lateral, like a football side-line.
• Proximal – closer to the trunk or point of attachment. 近端 – 靠近躯干或附着点。Proximity = nearness.
• Distal – further from the trunk or point of attachment. 远端 – 远离躯干或附着点。Distance = far.

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2. Muscular System & Joint Actions | 肌肉系统与关节动作

Muscles work in pairs to produce movement at synovial joints. Learning the movement terms alongside their opposites creates instant recall pairs.

肌肉成对工作，在滑膜关节处产生动作。将动作术语与反义词配对学习，可以瞬间建立记忆连接。

• Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint. 屈曲 – 减小关节角度。Flex your arm brings it closer.
• Extension – increasing the joint angle. 伸展 – 增大关节角度。Extend your arm straightens it.
• Abduction – moving a limb away from the midline. 外展 – 将肢体移离身体中线。Ab- means away, like 'abduct' = take away.
• Adduction – moving a limb towards the midline. 内收 – 将肢体移向身体中线。Ad- means to add, bring towards.
• Rotation – turning around a long axis. 旋转 – 绕长轴转动。Twist trunk or head.
• Circumduction – a cone-shaped combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. 环转 – 屈曲、伸展、外展、内收组合成的圆锥形动作。Think 'circumference' motion.
• Agonist (prime mover) – muscle that contracts to create movement. 主动肌 – 收缩产生运动的肌肉。The main worker.
• Antagonist – muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work. 拮抗肌 – 放松以允许主动肌工作的肌肉。Opposes the movement.
• Isometric contraction – muscle tension without changing length. 等长收缩 – 肌肉产生张力但长度不变。Iso- = same, metric = length.
• Isotonic contraction – muscle tension with length change (concentric shortens, eccentric lengthens). 等张收缩 – 肌肉张力伴长度变化 (向心缩短，离心拉长)。Iso- = same, tonic = tension.

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3. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸系统术语

The circulatory and respiratory systems are responsible for oxygen delivery. These terms often appear in exercise physiology questions.

循环与呼吸系统负责氧气的输送。这些术语常出现在运动生理学考题中。

• Heart rate (HR) – number of beats per minute (bpm). 心率 – 每分钟心跳次数 (bpm)。Measured at the wrist or neck.
• Stroke volume (SV) – volume of blood pumped per beat. 每搏输出量 – 每次心跳泵出的血量。
• Cardiac output (Q) – HR × SV, in litres per minute. 心输出量 – 心率 × 每搏输出量，单位 L/min。
• Maximum heart rate (MHR) – estimated as 220 − age. 最大心率 – 估算公式为 220 − 年龄。
• V̇O₂ max – maximum volume of oxygen the body can use per minute per kg. 最大摄氧量 – 每公斤体重每分钟能利用的最大氧量。Key indicator of aerobic fitness.
• Tidal volume – amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. 潮气量 – 平静呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的气量。
• Minute ventilation – tidal volume × breathing rate. 每分通气量 – 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
• Vital capacity – maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation. 肺活量 – 尽力吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。
• Oxygen debt – extra oxygen required after anaerobic exercise to remove lactate. 氧债 – 无氧运动后为清除乳酸所需的额外氧气。

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4. Energy Systems & Recovery | 能量系统与恢复

Understanding how the body fuels different types of activity helps you predict fatigue and recovery. Use the simple 'ATP-CP, Anaerobic glycolysis, Aerobic' progression when intensity changes.

了解身体如何为不同类型的活动提供能量，能帮你预测疲劳与恢复。可根据强度变化，用'ATP-CP、糖酵解、有氧'这个简单递进来记忆。

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – immediate energy source stored in muscles. 三磷酸腺苷 – 储存在肌肉中的直接能量来源。
• ATP-CP system (phosphocreatine) – provides energy for up to 10 seconds of maximal effort. 磷酸原系统 – 为最多10秒的极量强度提供能量。
• Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system) – breaks down glucose without oxygen, lasts up to 90 seconds. 无氧糖酵解 (乳酸系统) – 无氧分解葡萄糖，持续约90秒。
• Aerobic system – uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats, supports prolonged activity. 有氧系统 – 利用氧气分解碳水化合物和脂肪，支持长时间活动。
• Lactic acid – by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, causes muscle fatigue. 乳酸 – 无氧糖酵解的副产物，引起肌肉疲劳。
• EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) – the 'afterburn' effect; elevated oxygen intake after exercise. 运动后过量氧耗 – '后燃效应'；运动后摄氧量仍维持高位。
• Recovery – processes that restore the body to pre-exercise state, including active and passive recovery. 恢复 – 使身体回到运动前状态的过程，包括积极恢复和被动恢复。

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5. Principles & Methods of Training | 训练原则与方法

Training must be planned intelligently. The acronyms SPORT and FITT are your best friends for remembering the basic principles.

训练必须有智能规划。助记词 SPORT 和 FITT 是记住基本原则的最好帮手。

• Specificity – training must match the demands of the sport. 专项性 – 训练必须与运动需求相匹配。
• Progression – gradually increasing workload to continue improvement. 渐进性 – 逐渐增加负荷以持续进步。
• Overload – working harder than normal to force adaptation; achieved via FITT. 超负荷 – 超出正常负荷以促使适应，通过 FITT 实现。
• Reversibility – 'use it or lose it'; fitness declines when training stops. 可逆性 – '用进废退'；停止训练后体能下降。
• Tedium – boredom from repetitive training; avoid by varying sessions. 枯燥性 – 重复训练带来的厌倦；需变化训练以避免。
• FITT principle – Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. FITT 原则 – 频率、强度、时间、类型。The toolkit for applying overload.
• Continuous training – steady-state exercise without rest, improves aerobic endurance. 持续训练 – 无休息的稳态运动，提高有氧耐力。
• Interval training – alternating high-intensity efforts with recovery periods. 间歇训练 – 高强度与恢复期交替进行。
• Circuit training – a sequence of different exercises with minimal rest. 循环训练 – 以极少休息串联不同练习站的训练。

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6. Components of Fitness & Testing | 体能组成与测试

Fitness is split into health-related and skill-related components. Remember the health-related ones with 'C-M B-F M-S F' (Cardiovascular, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Flexibility, Body Composition).

体能分为健康相关和技能相关组成。健康相关的可用'C-MM-F'口诀：心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、身体成分。

• Cardiovascular endurance – ability of heart and lungs to deliver oxygen during prolonged exercise. 心血管耐力 – 长时间运动中，心脏和肺部输送氧气的能力。
• Muscular strength – maximum force a muscle can exert in a single effort. 肌肉力量 – 一次最大努力中肌肉能产生的力。
• Muscular endurance – ability to sustain repeated contractions over time. 肌肉耐力 – 肌肉持续反复收缩的能力。
• Flexibility – range of motion possible at a joint. 柔韧性 – 关节可达到的活动范围。
• Body composition – proportion of fat, muscle, bone, etc. 身体成分 – 脂肪、肌肉、骨骼等的比例。
• Agility – ability to change direction quickly. 敏捷性 – 快速改变方向的能力。
• Balance – maintaining centre of mass over base of support. 平衡 – 将重心维持在支撑基底上方。
• Coordination – using two or more body parts smoothly together. 协调 – 两个或以上身体部位流畅配合。
• Power – strength × speed, explosive effort. 爆发力 – 力量 × 速度，爆发性用力。
• Reaction time – time between a stimulus and the start of movement. 反应时 – 从刺激出现到动作开始的时间。
• Speed – how quickly a body part moves. 速度 – 身体部位移动的快慢。

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7. Skill-Related Fitness & Practice | 技能相关体能及练习

Skill acquisition relies on repetition and feedback. Understanding the types of practice and guidance helps you evaluate training methods.

技能习得依赖于重复和反馈。理解练习类型与指导方式，有助于你评价训练方法。

• Open skill – performed in an unpredictable environment (e.g. dribbling in football). 开放性技能 – 在不可预测的环境中执行 (如足球运球)。
• Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable environment (e.g. a free throw). 闭合性技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行 (如罚球)。
• Massed practice – long sessions with few breaks, good for discrete skills. 集中练习 – 长时间训练少休息，适合分立技能。
• Distributed practice – shorter sessions spread over time, better for continuous skills. 分散练习 – 将训练分散为短时间，更适合连续性技能。
• Fixed practice – repeating a movement in the same way each time, good for closed skills. 固定练习 – 每次都同样重复动作，适合闭合性技能。
• Variable practice – using different situations and contexts, good for open skills. 变化练习 – 在不同情境下练习，适合开放性技能。
• Intrinsic feedback – information from the performer's own senses. 内在反馈 – 来自运动员自身感觉的信息。
• Extrinsic feedback – information from an external source, such as a coach. 外在反馈 – 来自外部来源的信息，如教练。
• Knowledge of performance – feedback on the quality of movement. 动作表现反馈 – 关于动作质量的反馈。
• Knowledge of results – feedback on the outcome (score, time). 结果反馈 – 关于结果的反馈 (得分、时间)。

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8. Sports Psychology Keywords | 运动心理学关键词

Mental factors heavily influence performance. Understanding arousal, anxiety, and motivation helps explain why athletes perform differently under pressure.

心理因素对运动表现影响巨大。理解唤醒、焦虑和动机，有助于解释为什么运动员在压力下表现各异。

• Arousal – the level of mental and physical readiness. 唤醒水平 – 心理与身体的准备状态程度。
• Inverted-U theory – as arousal increases, performance improves up to an optimum point, then declines. 倒U形理论 – 唤醒水平增加，表现提高到最优点后下降。
• Anxiety – a negative emotional state with worry and nervousness. 焦虑 – 带有忧虑和紧张感的负面情绪状态。
• Intrinsic motivation – doing an activity for personal satisfaction. 内在动机 – 为个人满足而从事活动。
• Extrinsic motivation – driven by external rewards like trophies or money. 外在动机 – 由奖杯、金钱等外部奖励驱动。
• Goal setting (SMART) – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. 目标设定 (SMART) – 具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、现实的、有时限的。
• Mental rehearsal – imagining performing a skill successfully. 心理演练 – 想象成功执行某项技能。
• Self-confidence – belief in one's own ability to complete a task. 自信心 – 相信自己完成任务的能力。

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9. Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition | 营养、水合与身体成分

Fueling the body correctly is essential for performance and recovery. Memorise the main nutrient functions and the importance of hydration.

正确为身体补充能量对运动表现和恢复至关重要。请记住主要营养素的功能以及水分补充的重要性。

• Carbohydrates – main energy source for exercise, stored as glycogen. 碳水化合物 – 运动的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存。
• Fats – energy source for low-intensity, long-duration activity. 脂肪 – 低强度长时间活动的能量来源。
• Protein – essential for muscle repair and growth. 蛋白质 – 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要。
• Glycaemic index (GI) – how quickly a food raises blood glucose. 血糖生成指数 – 食物升高血糖的速度。Low GI for pre-event, high GI during endurance.
• Hydration – maintaining fluid balance; even 2% dehydration impairs performance. 水合作用 – 维持体液平衡；即使 2% 的脱水也会损害表现。
• Sports drinks – isotonic (same concentration as blood, quick absorption), hypotonic, hypertonic. 运动饮料 – 等渗 (与血液浓度相同，快速吸收)、低渗、高渗。
• Body Mass Index (BMI) – weight (kg) ÷ height2 (m2), a rough indicator of body composition. 身体质量指数 – 体重 (kg) ÷ 身高2 (m2)，粗略的身体成分指标。
• Ergogenic aid – any substance or technique that enhances performance. 助氧剂/增效辅助物 – 任何提升运动表现的物质或技术。

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10. Injury, Safety & First Aid | 损伤、安全与急救

Common sports injuries have predictable signs and treatments. The RICE method is universal for soft-tissue injuries; knowing the term 'RICE' gets you marks immediately.

常见的运动损伤有可预测的体征和处理方法。RICE 方法是软组织损伤的通用处理原则，记住这个词就能立刻得分。

• Sprain – injury to a ligament (connects bone to bone). 扭伤 – 韧带损伤 (连接骨与骨)。
• Strain – injury to a muscle or tendon (connects muscle to bone). 拉伤 – 肌肉或肌腱损伤 (连接肌与骨)。
• Fracture – a break in a bone; types include simple, compound, stress. 骨折 – 骨头断裂；包括单纯性、开放性、应力性骨折。
• RICE protocol – Rest, Ice (10-20 mins), Compression, Elevation. RICE 原则 – 休息、冰敷 (10-20 分钟)、加压、抬高。
• Concussion – a traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head; signs: confusion, dizziness. 脑震荡 – 由头部撞击引起的创伤性脑损伤；迹象：意识混乱、头晕。
• Hypothermia – dangerously low body temperature. 低体温症 – 危险的体温过低状态。
• Hyperthermia – dangerously high body temperature, heat stroke. 高热症 – 危险的体温过高状态，中暑。
• Warm-up – pulse-raising, stretching, skill rehearsal to prepare body. 热身 – 提升心率、拉伸、技能演练，使身体做好准备。
• Cool-down – gradual activity reduction and stretching to aid recovery. 整理活动 – 逐渐降低运动强度并拉伸，帮助恢复。

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11. Biomechanics & Motion Analysis | 生物力学与动作分析

Biomechanics explains why movements are efficient or inefficient. Simple concepts like centre of mass, stability, and levers connect anatomy to performance.

生物力学解释了动作为何有效或低效。重心、稳定性、杠杆等简单概念将解剖学与运动表现联系起来。

• Centre of mass – the point where body mass is evenly distributed; often around hip height. 重心 – 身体质量均匀分布的点；通常位于髋部高度。
• Base of support – the area beneath an object that supports it. 支撑基底 – 物体下方提供支撑的面积。Wider base = greater stability.
• Stability – resistance to disruption of equilibrium; increased by lowering centre of mass and widening base. 稳定性 – 抵抗平衡被破坏的能力；降低重心、加宽基底可提高稳定性。
• Linear motion – movement in a straight line (sprinting start). 直线运动 – 沿直线运动 (冲刺起跑)。
• Angular motion – rotation around an axis (somersault). 角运动 – 绕轴旋转 (空翻)。
• General motion – combination of linear and angular motion (cycling). 复合运动 – 直线和角运动的结合 (骑行)。
• Velocity – displacement per unit time, includes direction (m/s). 速度 – 单位时间的位移，有方向 (m/s)。
• Acceleration – rate of change of velocity. 加速度 – 速度的变化率。
• Force – a push or pull on an object (newtons). 力 – 对物体的推或拉 (牛顿)。
• Levers – bones act as levers with joints as fulcrums; classified as 1st, 2nd, 3rd class. 杠杆 – 骨骼作为杠杆，关节作为支点；分为第一、二、三类杠杆。
• Projectile motion – factors affecting trajectory: height of release, angle, speed. 抛射运动 – 影响轨迹的因素：出手高度、角度、速度。

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