📚 WJEC Year 11 Engineering: Key Terminology Memory Guide | WJEC 工程：核心术语速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is essential for Year 11 WJEC Engineering. This bilingual guide presents each term with a concise English definition and a Chinese equivalent, complete with memory tips. Reading the paired explanations will help you recall concepts quickly in both languages and ace your exams.
掌握技术术语是 WJEC 十一年级工程成功的关键。本双语指南为每个术语提供简洁的英文定义与中文对译，并附记忆技巧。配对阅读能助你快速记忆，中英双杀考试。
1. Material Properties | 材料性能
Tensile strength – the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. Think of pulling a rubber band until it snaps.
抗拉强度 – 材料被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。想象将橡皮筋拉到断裂。
Compressive strength – the ability to resist being squashed or crushed. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
抗压强度 – 抵抗挤压或压碎的能力。混凝土抗压能力强，抗拉能力差。
Hardness – resistance to indentation or scratching. Diamond is extremely hard, hence used for cutting.
硬度 – 抵抗压痕或刮擦的能力。金刚石极硬，因此用于切割。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy and deform without fracturing. Tough materials are not easily broken by impact.
韧性 – 吸收能量并变形而不破裂的能力。韧性材料受冲击不易碎。
Ductility – how easily a material can be drawn into a wire. Copper is highly ductile, ideal for electrical wiring.
延展性 – 材料被拉成丝状物的容易程度。铜延展性极佳，适合做导线。
Malleability – the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Aluminium foil relies on malleability.
可锻性/延展性 – 能被锤击或压延成薄板而不开裂的能力。铝箔靠的就是这种特性。
Elasticity – the ability of a material to return to its original shape after a load is removed, like a spring.
弹性 – 载荷移除后恢复原状的能力，如弹簧。
Plasticity – the ability to permanently deform without breaking, used in moulding and forging.
塑性 – 永久变形而不破裂的能力，用于模塑和锻造。
2. Forces and Stress | 力与应力
Force – a push or pull measured in newtons (N). Fundamental to all machines and structures.
力 – 推或拉，单位牛顿 (N)。一切机械与结构的基础。
Load – the force that a structure or component must support. Live loads change (e.g., traffic), dead loads are permanent (e.g., weight of the bridge).
载荷 – 结构或构件需承受的力。活载可变（如交通），恒载固定（如桥的自重）。
Stress (σ) – the internal force acting per unit area within a material. Formula:
Stress = Force / Area (σ = F / A)
应力 (σ) – 材料内部单位面积上的内力。计算公式：
应力 = 力 / 面积 (σ = F / A)
Strain (ε) – tension per unit length, a measure of deformation. ε = change in length / original length.
Strain = ΔL / L₀
应变 (ε) – 单位长度的伸长量，衡量变形。ε = 长度变化 / 原始长度。
Young's modulus (E) – a measure of stiffness; E = stress / strain. High E means the material is stiff.
Young's Modulus = σ / ε
杨氏模量 (E) – 刚度度量；E = 应力 / 应变。E 值高表示材料刚硬。
Shear stress – stress caused by forces acting parallel to the surface, like scissors cutting paper.
剪切应力 – 平行于表面的力引起的应力，如剪刀剪纸。
Torque – a turning force, measured in newton metres (N m). Wrenches and gears transfer torque.
扭矩 – 转动力，单位牛顿米 (N m)。扳手和齿轮传递扭矩。
3. Levers and Mechanical Advantage | 杠杆与机械效益
Lever – a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum, used to magnify force or distance.
杠杆 – 以支点为轴心的刚性杆，用于放大力量或距离。
Fulcrum – the pivot point around which a lever rotates.
支点 – 杠杆旋转的中心轴点。
Effort – the force applied by the user to the lever.
施力 – 使用者施加在杠杆上的力。
Load – the resistance to be overcome or moved by the lever.
负载 – 杠杆要克服或移动的阻力。
Mechanical Advantage (MA) – the ratio of load to effort; MA = Load / Effort. If MA > 1, the lever multiplies force.
MA = Load / Effort
机械效益 (MA) – 负载与施力的比值；MA = 负载 / 施力。若 MA > 1，杠杆放大力量。
Velocity Ratio (VR) – distance moved by effort to distance moved by load; VR = effort distance / load distance.
VR = Effort Distance / Load Distance
速比 (VR) – 施力移动距离与负载移动距离之比；VR = 施力距离 / 负载距离。
Efficiency – (MA / VR) × 100%. A perfect machine (100%) does not exist due to friction.
Efficiency = (MA / VR) × 100%
效率 – (MA / VR) × 100%。因摩擦存在，无 100% 效率的机器。
Classes of levers – Class 1: fulcrum between effort and load (seesaw). Class 2: load between fulcrum and effort (wheelbarrow). Class 3: effort between fulcrum and load (tweezers).
杠杆类别 – 第一类：支点在施力与负载之间（跷跷板）；第二类：负载在支点与施力之间（手推车）；第三类：施力在支点与负载之间（镊子）。
4. Gears and Power Transmission | 齿轮与动力传输
Gear – a toothed wheel that transmits torque and rotation between shafts.
齿轮 – 带齿的轮子，用于轴间传递扭矩和旋转运动。
Pinion – the smaller of two meshing gears; often the driving gear.
小齿轮 – 啮合齿轮对中较小的那个，常为主动轮。
Gear ratio – the ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number on the driver gear. It determines speed and torque changes.
Gear Ratio = Teethdriven / Teethdriver
齿轮比 – 从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比，决定速度与扭矩的变化。
Idler gear – a gear placed between driver and driven to reverse direction without changing ratio.
惰轮 – 置于主动轮与从动轮之间的齿轮，用以反向而不改变传动比。
Compound gear train – multiple gears on the same shaft, giving large speed reductions or increases in compact space.
复式齿轮系 – 同轴多齿轮组合，可在有限空间内实现大的减速比或增速比。
Belt drive – uses a belt and pulleys; quiet but can slip. Chain drive uses a chain and sprockets, no slip.
带传动 – 使用皮带和带轮，安静但可能打滑。链传动使用链条和链轮，无打滑。
RPM (Revolutions per Minute) – unit of rotational speed. A motor might run at 1500 rpm.
转每分 (RPM) – 转速单位。电动机可能以 1500 rpm 运转。
5. Electrical Fundamentals | 电学基础
Voltage (V) – the electrical pressure that pushes current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电压 (V) – 推动电流通过电路的电"压力"，单位伏特 (V)。
Current (I) – the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Think of water flowing through a pipe.
电流 (I) – 电荷的流动，单位安培 (A)。想想水管中的水流。
Resistance (R) – the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors are used to control current.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍作用，单位欧姆 (Ω)。电阻器用于控制电流。
Ohm's Law – voltage, current and resistance: V = I × R. This triangle helps: V on top, I and R below.
V = I × R
欧姆定律 – 联系电压、电流和电阻：V = I × R。记忆三角：V 在上，I 和 R 在下。
Power (P) – f energy transfer, in watts (W). P = V × I. More current at same voltage means more power.
P = V × I
功率 (P) – 能量传输率，单位瓦特 (W)。P = V × I，相同电压下电流越大功率越高。
Energy (E) – Power multiplied by time; E = P × t. Measured in joules (J) or watt-hours (Wh).
E = P × t
能量 (E) – 功率乘以时间；E = P × t，单位焦耳 (J) 或瓦时 (Wh)。
Series circuit – components connected one after another; current is the same throughout, voltage divides.
串联电路 – 元件首尾相接；各处电流相同，电压分配。
Parallel circuit – components on separate branches; voltage is the same across branches, current divides.
并联电路 – 元件在不同分支上；各支路电压相同，电流分配。
Conductor, insulator, semiconductor – conductors allow easy flow (copper), insulators block flow (rubber), semiconductors control flow under special conditions (silicon).
导体、绝缘体、半导体 – 导体易导电（铜），绝缘体阻电（橡胶），半导体在特定条件下控制导电（硅）。
6. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor – a component that limits current and divides voltage. Colour bands indicate its resistance value.
电阻器 – 限制电流、分压的元件。色环标示其阻值。
Variable resistor / potentiometer – a resistor whose resistance can be adjusted, e.g., volume knob.
可变电阻器/电位器 – 阻值可调的电阻器，如音量旋钮。
Thermistor – a temperature-sensitive resistor. NTC type: resistance decreases as temperature rises.
热敏电阻 – 温度敏感电阻器。NTC 型：温度升高电阻下降。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) – resistance drops in bright light; used in automatic street lights.
光敏电阻 (LDR) – 强光下电阻下降，用于自动路灯。
Capacitor – stores electrical charge temporarily; smooths voltage fluctuations. Unit: farad (F).
电容器 – 暂时储存电荷，平滑电压波动。单位法拉 (F)。
Diode – allows current in only one direction (forward bias). Used for rectification.
二极管 – 只允许单方向导通（正向偏置），用于整流。
LED (Light Emitting Diode) – a diode that emits light when current flows; requires a series resistor to limit current.
发光二极管 (LED) – 有电流通过时发光的二极管，需串联电阻限制电流。
Transistor (NPN) – an electronic switch or amplifier. A small base current controls a larger collector-emitter current.
晶体管 (NPN) – 电子开关或放大器，微小的基极电流控制较大的集电极-发射极电流。
Switch (SPST) – Single Pole Single Throw: a simple on/off switch.
开关 (SPST) – 单刀单掷：简单的通断开关。
Relay – an electromagnetically operated switch, allowing a low-voltage circuit to control a high-voltage one.
继电器 – 电磁操作的开关，让低电压电路控制高电压电路。
Microcontroller – a small computer on a chip (e.g., Arduino) that can be programmed to control outputs based on inputs.
微控制器 – 单芯片小型计算机（如 Arduino），可编程根据输入控制输出。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – pouring molten material into a mould. Sand casting uses disposable sand moulds; die casting uses permanent metal moulds for high-volume production.
铸造 – 将熔融材料倒入模具。砂型铸造用一次性砂模；压铸用永久金属模，适于大批量。
Injection moulding – forcing molten thermoplastic into a mould cavity; used for high-volume plastic products like bottle caps.
注塑成型 – 将熔融热塑性塑料射入模腔；用于瓶盖类大批量塑料制品。
Blow moulding – air is blown into a heated plastic tube inside a mould to form hollow shapes like bottles.
吹塑成型 – 向模具内加热塑料管吹气，形成瓶类中空形状。
Extrusion – pushing material through a shaped die to produce long continuous forms, e.g., aluminium window frames, plastic pipes.
挤出成型 – 通过成形模具推出材料，生产长条形，如铝窗框、塑料管。
Rolling – passing material through rollers to reduce thickness; used for sheet metal and structural sections.
轧制 – 使材料通过轧辊减薄厚度；用于金属板和型材。
Forging – shaping metal by compressive forces, often at high temperature; results in strong, tough components.
锻造 – 通过压缩力（常高温）使金属成形；零件强度韧性高。
Welding – joining metals by melting and fusing them, with or without filler. Arc welding and MIG welding are common.
焊接 – 通过熔化融合连接金属，可加焊料。电弧焊和 MIG 焊较常见。
Soldering – joining metals using a lower-melting-point filler (solder) below 450°C; typical in electronics.
软钎焊 – 用熔点低于 450°C 的焊料连接金属，常用于电子电路。
Brazing – similar to soldering but at higher temperatures (above 450°C); produces stronger joints.
硬
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