📚 WJEC GCSE Physical Education Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | WJEC GCSE 体育关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is essential for success in your WJEC GCSE exam. This guide provides clear, concise definitions of the most important terms across every topic in the syllabus, helping you to understand command words, apply knowledge to sporting examples, and boost your confidence. Each key word is explained first in English and then in Chinese, so you can strengthen both your subject knowledge and your bilingual recall.
掌握体育学科的语言是 WJEC GCSE 考试成功的关键。本指南为你提供大纲每个主题中最重要的术语的清晰简明定义，帮助你理解指令词、将知识应用到运动实例中并增强信心。每个关键词先用英文解释，再用中文配对，让你同时强化学科知识和双语记忆。
1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle at a joint, for example bending the elbow during a bicep curl.
屈曲 是一种减小关节角度的弯曲动作，例如在做肱二头肌弯举时弯曲肘部。
Extension is a straightening movement that increases the angle at a joint, such as straightening the knee when kicking a football.
伸展 是一种增加关节角度的伸直动作，例如踢足球时伸直膝盖。
Abduction describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body, like raising the arm sideways to perform a star jump.
外展 指肢体远离身体中线的运动，例如侧举手臂做分腿跳。
Adduction is the opposite movement, bringing a limb back toward the midline, as when pulling the arms down to the sides after a star jump.
内收 是相反的运动，将肢体拉回靠近中线，如分腿跳后将手臂放回体侧。
Synovial joints are freely movable joints where two bones meet, lubricated by synovial fluid. Examples include the ball-and-socket joint at the hip and the hinge joint at the knee.
滑膜关节 是两块骨头相遇处的自由活动关节，由滑液润滑。例如髋部的球窝关节和膝部的铰链关节。
Ligaments are tough bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone, stabilising the joint. Tendons attach muscle to bone, transmitting the force that creates movement.
韧带 是将骨头与骨头连接起来、稳定关节的坚韧结缔组织带。肌腱将肌肉附着在骨头上，传递产生运动的力量。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Agonist (prime mover) is the muscle primarily responsible for producing a movement; the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist, and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
主动肌（原动肌）是主要负责产生动作的肌肉；拮抗肌 则放松以允许运动。在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Isotonic concentric contractions occur when a muscle shortens under tension, such as the biceps shortening when lifting a weight. Eccentric contractions happen when a muscle lengthens under tension, for example the quadriceps lowering the body during a squat.
等张向心收缩 发生在肌肉在张力下缩短时，如举重物时肱二头肌缩短。离心收缩 则是肌肉在张力下被拉长，例如深蹲时股四头肌控制身体下降。
Isometric contractions involve tension without a change in muscle length, like holding a plank position.
等长收缩 涉及张力但肌肉长度不变，例如保持平板支撑姿势。
Slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibres contract more slowly, use oxygen efficiently and are suited to endurance activities such as long-distance running. Fast-twitch (Type II) fibres contract rapidly, generate more force but fatigue quickly, making them ideal for sprinting and jumping.
慢缩肌（I型） 纤维收缩较慢，高效利用氧气，适用于长跑等耐力活动。快缩肌（II型） 纤维收缩快、产生力量大但容易疲劳，适合冲刺和跳跃运动。
3. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
心率 (HR) 是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量 (SV) 是左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。
Cardiac output (Q) is the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute, calculated using the equation Q = HR × SV. During exercise, cardiac output increases to supply more oxygen to working muscles.
心输出量 (Q) 是心脏每分钟泵出的血量，用公式 Q = HR × SV 计算。运动时心输出量增加，为工作肌肉提供更多氧气。
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the skin and muscles; vasoconstriction is the narrowing of vessels, redirecting blood flow away from inactive areas.
血管舒张 是血管扩张，增加流向皮肤和肌肉的血流量；血管收缩 是血管变窄，将血流从不活跃区域转移。
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure; veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart and contain valves; capillaries are tiny vessels where gaseous exchange occurs.
动脉 将含氧血在高压下运离心脏；静脉 将缺氧血送回心脏并含有瓣膜；毛细血管 是发生气体交换的微小血管。
Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that binds with oxygen to transport it around the body.
血红蛋白 是红细胞中与氧结合并将其运输到全身的蛋白质。
4. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out during a normal breath. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
潮气量 是正常呼吸时一次吸入和呼出的空气量。肺活量 是最大吸气后能强行呼出的最大空气量。
Minute ventilation (VE) is the total volume of air moved into the lungs per minute, expressed as VE = tidal volume × breathing rate. During exercise, minute ventilation rises dramatically.
每分钟通气量 (VE) 是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量，表示为 VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。运动时每分钟通气量显著上升。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. This is where gaseous exchange occurs: oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out to be exhaled.
肺泡 是肺部微小的气囊，被密集的毛细血管网包围。这里是气体交换 发生的地方：氧气扩散到血液中，二氧化碳扩散出来被呼出。
Diffusion is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. A short diffusion pathway, huge alveolar surface area and good blood supply make the lungs efficient.
扩散 是气体从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的移动。短扩散路径、巨大的肺泡表面积和充足的血液供应使肺部高效工作。
5. Components of Fitness | 体能组成术语
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles during prolonged exercise. Muscular endurance is the capacity of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions without fatigue.
心血管耐力 是心脏和肺在长时间运动中向工作肌肉供氧的能力。肌肉耐力 是肌肉在疲劳前重复收缩的能力。
Flexibility is the range of movement possible around a joint. Body composition refers to the percentage of fat, muscle and bone in the body.
柔韧性 是关节周围可能的活动范围。身体成分 指体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的百分比。
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control. Power combines strength and speed, calculated as work done ÷ time taken.
敏捷性 是快速改变方向同时保持控制的能力。爆发力 结合了力量和速度，计算为做功 ÷ 所用时间。
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus, for instance a sprinter reacting to the starting gun. Speed is the rate at which a performer covers a distance.
反应时 是对刺激做出反应所需的时间，例如短跑运动员对发令枪的反应。速度 是运动员覆盖一段距离的速率。
6. Principles of Training | 训练原则术语
Specificity means training should be relevant to the sport or goal. For example, a swimmer needs to train in water, not just run on land.
专项性 指训练应与运动项目或目标相关。例如，游泳运动员需要在水中训练，而不仅仅是在陆地上跑步。
Progressive overload involves gradually increasing the intensity, frequency, or duration of training to force the body to adapt. This is often manipulated using the FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.
渐进超负荷 涉及逐渐增加训练强度、频率或持续时间以迫使身体适应。这常通过FITT 原则来调节：频率、强度、时间和类型。
Reversibility warns that fitness gains are quickly lost when training stops. Tedium refers to boredom that can result from repeating the same training, so variety is essential.
可逆性 警告说，训练停止后健身效果会很快丧失。单调乏味 指的是重复相同训练可能导致的厌倦，因此多样性至关重要。
Maximum heart rate is estimated using the formula 220 − age. To improve aerobic fitness, athletes often train in a target zone of 60–80% of their maximum heart rate.
最大心率 用公式 220 − 年龄 估算。为提升有氧适能，运动员常在最大心率的60–80%目标区间内训练。
7. Sports Psychology Basics | 运动心理学基础术语
Intrinsic motivation comes from within, such as the desire to improve for personal satisfaction. Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards like trophies or praise.
内在动机 来自内部，例如为了个人满足而提高的愿望。外在动机 则由外部奖励如奖杯或表扬驱动。
Arousal is the level of mental and physical readiness. The inverted-U theory suggests that performance improves as arousal increases up to an optimal point, after which performance declines.
唤醒 是心理和身体准备的程度。倒U型理论 认为，随着唤醒水平升高，表现会提高到最佳点，之后表现就会下降。
Anxiety can be cognitive (worry, negative thoughts) or somatic (sweating, increased heart rate). Aggression in sport can be direct (physical contact) or indirect (hitting an object). It is important to distinguish between acceptable assertion and rule-breaking hostile aggression.
焦虑 可分为认知性（担忧、消极想法）或躯体性（出汗、心率加快）。运动中的攻击行为 可以是直接（身体接触）或间接（击打物体）的。区分可接受的果断 和违反规则的敌意攻击很重要。
Goal setting uses SMART targets (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) to increase motivation and focus.
目标设定 采用SMART 目标（具体、可测量、可实现、相关、有时限）来提高动力和专注度。
8. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与水分术语
Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source. They are stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. Fats provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration exercise.
碳水化合物 是身体的主要能量来源，以糖原 形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。脂肪 为低强度、长时间运动提供能量。
Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth, especially after training. Hydration is critical because even a small drop in body water can impair performance. Dehydration leads to fatigue, reduced concentration and overheating.
蛋白质 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要，特别是在训练后。补水 极为重要，因为即使少量体内水分流失也会损害运动表现。脱水 会导致疲劳、注意力下降和过热。
Carbohydrate loading is a strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise glycogen stores before a competition.
碳水化合物负荷 是耐力运动员在赛前用来最大化糖原储备的策略。
9. Injuries and Prevention | 运动损伤与预防术语
A sprain is an injury to a ligament, while a strain affects muscles or tendons. Both can be treated immediately with the RICE protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
扭伤 是韧带受伤，而拉伤 影响肌肉或肌腱。两者都可以立即用RICE 方案处理：休息、冰敷、加压和抬高。
A fracture is a break in a bone; a dislocation happens when a bone is forced out of its normal position at a joint.
骨折 是骨头断裂；脱位 发生在骨头被迫离开关节正常位置时。
A proper warm-up gradually raises heart rate, increases flexibility and prepares the mind, reducing injury risk. A cool-down helps remove lactic acid and prevents muscle soreness.
正确的热身 会逐渐提高心率、增加柔韧性并让大脑做好准备，降低受伤风险。整理活动 有助于清除乳酸并防止肌肉酸痛。
Personal protective equipment like shin pads and gum shields is mandatory in many contact sports to minimise harm.
个人防护装备 如护腿板和护齿，在许多接触性运动中必须使用，以尽量减少伤害。
10. Socio-cultural Influences | 社会文化影响术语
Sportsmanship reflects fair play, respect for opponents and graciousness in winning or losing. Gamesmanship involves bending the rules to gain an advantage without technically breaking them, such as time-wasting.
体育精神 体现公平竞争、尊重对手和胜不骄败不馁。比赛技巧 涉及在不严格违规的情况下钻规则空子以获取优势，例如拖时间。
Deviance in sport includes deliberate fouls, doping or match-fixing. Commercialisation turns sport into a business, driven by sponsorship, media rights and merchandising.
运动中的越轨行为 包括故意犯规、兴奋剂或操纵比赛。商业化 将体育变成一种受赞助、媒体转播权和商品驱动的产业。
Sponsorship provides financial support but may also bring pressure and negative publicity. Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) like anabolic steroids and beta blockers are banned because they give an unfair advantage and harm health.
赞助 提供财务支持，但也可能带来压力和负面舆论。提高成绩的药物 (PEDs) 如合成代谢类固醇和β-阻断剂被禁止，因为它们提供不公平优势并危害健康。
Media can influence participation, popularise certain sports and raise profiles, but can also invade privacy and over-emphasise negative stories.
媒体 可以影响参与度、推广某些运动并提高知名度，但也可能侵犯隐私并过度强调负面新闻。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC GCSE Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图