📚 Year 11 WJEC Art: Quick Terminology and Vocabulary Revision Guide | Year 11 WJEC 艺术：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specific vocabulary of art is one of the most effective ways to raise your marks in the WJEC Year 11 Art and Design course. This revision guide organises essential terms by topic, giving you clear English definitions followed by their Chinese equivalents. Use it to strengthen your annotation, evaluation, and discussion of your own work and that of others.
掌握艺术领域的专门词汇是提升 WJEC 十一年级艺术与设计成绩最有效的方法之一。这份备考指南按主题整理了关键术语，先给出清晰的英文定义，再配以中文对应解释，帮助你强化对作品（自己的和别人的）的注释、评价和讨论。
1. Elements of Art | 艺术元素
The elements of art are the basic visual components used to create any artwork. You will meet these words constantly when describing and analysing work for WJEC assessment objectives.
艺术元素是构成任何视觉作品的基本视觉组件。在 WJEC 评估目标要求描述和分析作品时，这些词汇会反复出现。
Line – A continuous mark made by a moving point. Lines vary in width, direction, length and character; they can be actual or implied, and are used to define edges, create texture and guide the viewer's eye.
线条 – 由一个移动的点留下的连续痕迹。线条在粗细、方向、长度和性格上变化多端；可以是实在的或暗示的，用来勾勒轮廓、制造肌理和引导观者视线。
Shape – A two-dimensional enclosed area. Shapes can be geometric (circles, squares) or organic (freeform, irregular). In WJEC projects you may describe positive and negative shapes.
形状 – 二维的封闭区域。形状可分为几何形（圆形、方形）和有机形（自由形、不规则形）。在 WJEC 项目中你可能会描述正形与负形。
Form – A three-dimensional object that has height, width and depth. Unlike shape, form occupies real or illusionistic space and can be geometric or organic.
形体 – 具有高度、宽度和深度的三维物体。与形状不同，形体占据真实或幻象的空间，同样可以是几何的或有机的。
Tone (Value) – The lightness or darkness of a colour or surface. Tonal contrast creates depth, mood and emphasis; GCSE drawings rely heavily on accurate tonal observation.
色调（明度） – 一种颜色或表面的明暗程度。色调对比能营造深度、氛围和视觉焦点；GCSE 绘画高度依赖准确的色调观察。
Texture – The surface quality of an object, both tactile (actual) and visual (implied). Words like rough, smooth, gritty, shiny are used to describe texture in annotations.
肌理 – 物体表面的质感，包括触觉肌理（真实）和视觉肌理（暗示）。注释中常用粗糙、光滑、砂砾感、光泽等词来描述肌理。
Colour – Produced when light is reflected and perceived by the eye. Colour has hue, value and intensity; it is a powerful tool for expressing emotion and creating focus.
色彩 – 光线被反射并被眼睛感知时所产生。色彩具有色相、明度和纯度，是表达情感和制造视觉焦点的有力工具。
Space – The area within, around, above or below objects. In two-dimensional work, artists create the illusion of space through overlapping, size variation, placement, linear and atmospheric perspective.
空间 – 物体内部、周围、上方或下方的区域。在二维作品中，艺术家通过重叠、大小变化、位置安排、线性透视和空气透视来制造空间错觉。
2. Principles of Design | 设计原则
While the elements are the 'ingredients', the principles of design are the 'recipe' that arranges them. WJEC moderation rewards work that shows thoughtful use of these principles.
如果把艺术元素比作“食材”，设计原则就是安排它们的“食谱”。WJEC 评审会奖励那些体现出对这些原则有深思熟虑运用的作品。
Balance – The distribution of visual weight. Symmetrical balance is equal on both sides, asymmetrical balance uses different elements to achieve a sense of stability.
平衡 – 视觉重量的分布。对称平衡在两边均等，非对称平衡则用不同的元素来达到稳定感。
Contrast – The use of opposing elements such as light/dark, rough/smooth, large/small to create visual interest and emphasis.
对比 – 运用对立元素（如明暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小）来创造视觉趣味与重点。
Emphasis (Focal Point) – The part of the work that draws the viewer's attention first. Artists use contrast, placement or isolation to achieve emphasis.
强调（焦点） – 作品中最先吸引观者注意的部分。艺术家通过对比、位置或隔离来达到强调效果。
Movement – The path the viewer's eye follows through the artwork. Lines, edges, shapes and colours can create a visual flow.
动势 – 观者视线在作品中移动的路径。线条、边缘、形状和色彩都能营造视觉流动感。
Pattern – A repeating arrangement of elements such as lines, shapes or colours. Pattern can be planned or random and adds rhythm to a composition.
图案 – 线条、形状或色彩等元素的重复排列。图案可以是规划好的，也可以是随机的，能为构图增添韵律。
Rhythm – The repetition of visual elements to create a sense of organised movement, similar to a beat in music.
韵律 – 通过重复视觉元素而产生的有组织的动感，类似音乐中的节拍。
Unity and Variety – Unity gives a work a sense of completeness and cohesion; variety prevents monotony by introducing change and interest.
统一与变化 – 统一赋予作品完整感和整体性；变化则通过引入差异来避免单调，增添意趣。
3. Colour Theory Essentials | 色彩理论基础
WJEC painting, printmaking and mixed-media projects require confident colour vocabulary. Understanding colour relationships will help you make deliberate, expressive choices.
WJEC 的绘画、版画和综合媒介项目要求你具备自信的色彩词汇量。理解色彩关系有助于你作出有意识和有表现力的选择。
Hue – The name of a colour, such as red, blue, or green. Hue is the attribute that distinguishes one colour family from another.
色相 – 颜色的名称，如红色、蓝色或绿色。色相是区分不同色彩家族的属性。
Value (Tone) – The relative lightness or darkness of a colour. Adding white creates a tint, adding black creates a shade.
明度（色调） – 颜色的相对明暗程度。加白产生浅色（tint），加黑产生深色（shade）。
Saturation (Intensity/Chroma) – The purity or brilliance of a colour. High saturation means bright, vivid colour; low saturation appears dull or muted.
饱和度（纯度） – 颜色的纯净度或鲜艳程度。高饱和度的颜色明亮鲜艳；低饱和度则显得灰暗或柔和。
Primary Colours: Red, Yellow, Blue
原色：红、黄、蓝
Secondary Colours – Colours made by mixing two primaries: orange, green, violet.
间色 – 由两种原色混合而成的颜色：橙色、绿色、紫色。
Tertiary Colours – Colours made by mixing a primary with an adjacent secondary, e.g. red-orange, yellow-green, blue-violet.
复色 – 原色与相邻间色混合而成的颜色，如红橙、黄绿、蓝紫。
Complementary Colours – Pairs of colours opposite each other on the colour wheel, such as red and green. They create strong contrast and vibrancy.
互补色 – 色轮上相对的一对颜色，如红与绿。它们能营造强烈的对比和生动效果。
Analogous Colours – Colours that sit next to each other on the colour wheel, like blue, blue-green and green. They create harmonious, calm effects.
类似色 – 色轮上相邻的颜色，如蓝、蓝绿和绿。它们能产生和谐安宁的效果。
Warm and Cool Colours – Warm colours (reds, oranges, yellows) advance and create energy; cool colours (blues, greens, violets) recede and evoke calm.
暖色与冷色 – 暖色（红、橙、黄）前进并产生能量；冷色（蓝、绿、紫）后退并唤起宁静感。
4. Composition and Perspective | 构图与透视
Composition refers to how elements are arranged within the artwork. Perspective creates depth. Both are central to the WJEC 'record' and 'present' objectives.
构图指作品中各元素的安排方式。透视则创造深度。两者都是 WJEC “记录”和“呈现”目标的核心。
Rule of Thirds – A guide that divides the frame into nine equal sections; placing the subject along these lines or intersections often creates more dynamic compositions.
三分法 – 将画面分为九个等份的引导线；将主体沿这些线或交点布置往往能创造更富动感的构图。
Leading Lines – Lines that direct the viewer's eye toward a focal point or through the composition.
引导线 – 将观者视线引向焦点或贯穿整幅构图的线条。
Foreground, Middleground, Background – The layers of depth in a composition. The foreground is closest to the viewer, the background furthest away.
前景、中景、远景 – 构图中的景深层次。前景最靠近观者，远景最远。
Linear Perspective – A system using converging parallel lines meeting at a vanishing point on the horizon to create the illusion of depth.
线性透视 – 利用平行线在视平线上汇聚于消失点来制造深度错觉的系统。
Atmospheric Perspective – The effect of making distant objects lighter, bluer and less detailed to suggest depth.
空气透视 – 使远处物体变淡、变蓝、细节减少，以暗示深度的手法。
Symmetry and Asymmetry – Symmetry creates a mirror-image balance; asymmetry uses different elements to balance the composition in a less obvious way.
对称与非对称 – 对称产生镜像般的平衡；非对称则通过不同元素以更含蓄的方式平衡构图。
5. Drawing and Mark-Making | 素描与痕迹技法
Drawing is a core assessment activity in WJEC coursework. Accurate vocabulary helps you explain media, technique and intent in your portfolio annotations.
素描是 WJEC 课程作业中的一项核心评估活动。准确的词汇能帮助你在作品集注释中解释媒介、技法和意图。
Hatching and Cross-hatching – Techniques of drawing closely spaced parallel lines (hatching) or intersecting sets (cross-hatching) to build tone and texture.
排线与交叉排线 – 通过画出紧密的平行线（排线）或交叉线组（交叉排线）来营造色调和肌理的技法。
Stippling – Using dots to create tone and texture; the closer the dots, the darker the area appears.
点画法 – 用点来制造色调和肌理；点越密集，区域显得越暗。
Blending – Smudging or smoothing pencil, charcoal or pastel to create soft transitions of tone, avoiding harsh lines.
揉擦/融合 – 将铅笔、炭笔或色粉抹平，创造柔和的色调过渡，避免生硬的线条。
Contour Drawing – Drawing the outlines and significant internal lines of a subject, often without lifting the drawing tool, to capture its main form.
轮廓素描 – 勾勒对象的外轮廓和主要内部线条（往往不抬起绘画工具），以捕捉其主要形体。
Gesture Drawing – A quick, loose drawing capturing the energy and movement of a subject rather than precise detail.
动态速写 – 一种快速、松散的素描，捕捉对象的动势和能量，而非精确细节。
Graphite, Charcoal and Pen & Ink – Common drawing media. Graphite is precise, charcoal bold and expressive, pen & ink gives permanent, sharp marks.
石墨铅笔、炭笔与墨水笔 – 常见素描媒介。石墨精准，炭笔大胆而富有表现力，墨水笔留下永久且锐利的痕迹。
6. Painting and Mixed Media | 绘画与综合媒介
WJEC encourages experimentation with paint and mixed media. Knowing the right terms allows you to describe processes and evaluate outcomes effectively.
WJEC 鼓励进行绘画和综合媒介的试验。掌握正确术语有助于你有效描述过程和评价成果。
Impasto – Thick application of paint that retains brush or palette knife marks, creating texture and a sense of solidity on the surface.
厚涂法 – 厚重地涂抹颜料，保留笔触或画刀痕迹，在表面产生肌理和立体感。
Glaze – A thin, transparent layer of paint applied over a dry layer to modify its tone or colour without covering the underlying detail.
罩染/透明薄涂 – 在已干涂层上涂刷的一层薄而透明的颜料，用以改变色调或色彩而不遮盖底层细节。
Wash – A diluted paint layer producing a transparent, fluid effect, often used in watercolour and ink work.
水洗 – 用稀释颜料生成的透明、流动效果，常用于水彩和水墨作品。
Wet-on-Wet – Applying fresh paint onto a still-wet surface so colours blend softly; common in watercolour and oil painting.
湿画法 – 在仍然潮湿的表面上涂抹新鲜颜料，使色彩柔和混合；在水彩和油画中常用。
Acrylic, Watercolour, Gouache and Oil – Acrylic is fast-drying and versatile; watercolour transparent and luminous; gouache opaque and matt; oil slow-drying and blendable.
丙烯、水彩、水粉与油画颜料 – 丙烯干得快且通用；水彩透明光亮；水粉不透明且哑光；油画干燥缓慢，易于融合。
Mixed Media – Combining different materials and techniques in one artwork, such as paint, paper, fabric, found objects and digital elements.
综合媒介 – 在一件作品中结合不同材料和技术，如颜料、纸张、织物、现成物和数码元素。
7. Printmaking and Textiles | 版画与纺织艺术
WJEC fine art and art, craft & design courses often feature printmaking and textiles. Using the right terminology in your supporting studies strengthens your evidence for AO2 and AO3.
WJEC 纯艺术与艺术、工艺及设计课程常常涉及版画和纺织。在支撑研究中运用正确术语能强化 AO2 和 AO3 的证据。
Relief Printing – The raised surface of the printing block carries the ink; uncut areas print. Examples: lino cut, woodcut, cardboard relief.
凸版印刷 – 印版的凸起表面承载油墨，未刻除的部分进行印刷。例如：麻胶版、木刻、纸板凸版。
Intaglio – The ink sits in recessed lines or grooves cut into a plate; damp paper is pressed to lift the ink. Examples: etching, drypoint, engraving.
凹版印刷 – 油墨停留在印版刻入的凹线或凹槽中；用湿润纸张施压转印油墨。例如：蚀刻、干刻、雕版。
Screen Printing – Ink is pushed through a mesh screen, with stencils blocking non-image areas. It produces bold, flat colour layers.
丝网印刷 – 油墨透过网纱被刮印，模版遮挡非图像区域。能产生大胆、平整的色彩层。
Monoprint/Monotype – A one-off print made by drawing or painting directly onto a smooth plate and transferring it to paper, producing spontaneous marks.
单版画 – 在光滑平板上直接绘制并转印到纸上的独一无二的印品，产生即兴痕迹。
Batik – A resist-dyeing technique in which hot wax is applied to fabric before dyeing; cracked wax creates characteristic fine lines.
蜡染 – 一种防染技法，先于染色前在织物上涂敷热蜡；破裂的蜡纹产生特有的细线效果。
Applique – Attaching pieces of fabric onto a background fabric to form decorative patterns or images, often combined with embroidery.
贴布绣 – 将织物片贴缝在底布上，以形成装饰图案或图像，常与刺绣结合使用。
8. Sculpture and 3D Art | 雕塑与三维艺术
Three-dimensional work appears in many
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 艺术 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图