📚 Year 10 Cambridge Sociology: Vocabulary Mnemonics Guide | Year 10 剑桥社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology early on gives you a clear advantage when analysing society. This guide presents core Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Sociology terms paired with simple memory hooks so that you can recall definitions quickly and accurately under exam conditions.
尽早掌握社会学术语能够让你在分析社会时占据明显优势。这份指南列出了Year 10剑桥IGCSE社会学的核心术语，并配有简单的记忆挂钩，帮助你在考试条件下快速准确地回忆定义。
1. Core Sociological Perspectives | 核心社会学视角
Functionalism – A consensus theory viewing society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Memory aid: picture the human body — when the heart, lungs and brain function smoothly, the whole organism stays healthy.
功能主义——一种共识理论，将社会视为相互关联的部分共同维持稳定的系统。记忆提示：想象人体——当心脏、肺和大脑顺畅运转时，整个有机体保持健康。
Marxism – A conflict theory centred on class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers). Memory aid: think of 'Marx on a class ladder' — the bourgeoisie at the top, workers at the bottom, fighting over resources.
马克思主义——一种围绕资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间阶级斗争的冲突理论。记忆提示：想象“马克思站在阶级阶梯上”——资产阶级在顶端，工人在底端，为了资源而斗争。
Feminism – A conflict perspective focusing on gender inequality and patriarchy. Memory aid: 'fem' refers to women; feminists place gender at the centre, just as a lens magnifies hidden discrimination.
女性主义——一种关注性别不平等与父权制的冲突视角。记忆提示：“fem”指女性；女性主义者将性别置于中心，就像放大镜让隐藏的歧视显形。
Interactionism – A micro-level perspective that examines small-scale, everyday interactions and the meanings people attach to them. Memory aid: 'inter-action-ism' highlights interaction between individuals, like a conversation under a microscope.
互动论——一种微观层次的视角，考察小规模、日常的互动以及人们赋予它们的意义。记忆提示：“inter-action-ism”强调个体之间的互动，好比在显微镜下观察对话。
2. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture – f a group, including language, beliefs, customs and material objects. Memory aid: consider 'culture' like a toolkit people share to navigate daily life; think 'Cul-ture = collective tools'.
文化——一个群体的整个生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。记忆提示：把“文化”想象成人们共享的导航日常生活的工具箱；记住“文化=集体工具箱”。
Norms – Unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a society. Memory aid: 'norm' sounds like 'normal' — what most people normally do without thinking.
规范——社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。记忆提示：“norm”听起来像“normal”——大多数人无需思考就会做的正常事情。
Values – Deeply held beliefs about what is important or desirable. Memory aid: 'values' are your inner 'value compass' guiding right from wrong.
价值观——关于什么是重要或可取的深层信念。记忆提示：“价值观”就是你内心的“价值罗盘”，指引对错。
Subculture – A group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms and values. Memory aid: 'sub' means under; a subculture exists 'under' the main culture, like a branch from a tree trunk.
亚文化——在更大文化中拥有自己独特规范与价值观的群体。记忆提示：“sub”意指下面；亚文化“低于”主流文化，就像树干上的分支。
3. Socialisation | 社会化
Primary socialisation – The initial process of learning norms and values, typically within the family during early childhood. Memory aid: 'primary' as in first — your first lessons in being human come from caregivers.
初级社会化——学习规范和价值观的最初过程，通常在幼儿期的家庭内进行。记忆提示：“初级”意为最先——你作为人的第一课来自照顾者。
Secondary socialisation – The later process of learning appropriate behaviour in wider society through agencies such as schools, peer groups and the media. Memory aid: after 'primary' school you move to 'secondary' school — you extend your social learning beyond the family.
次级社会化——通过学校、同辈群体和媒体等机构，学习在更广泛社会中适当行为的后续过程。记忆提示：上完“小学”（primary）你进入“中学”（secondary）——你的社会学习扩展到了家庭之外。
Agents of socialisation – The individuals, groups and institutions that shape our social development. Key agents: family, education, peers, mass media, religion. Memory aid: imagine five fingers; each finger represents an agent pushing you into society.
社会化主体——塑造我们社会发展的个人、群体和机构。关键主体：家庭、教育、同辈、大众媒体、宗教。记忆提示：想象五根手指；每根手指代表一个把你推入社会的主体。
4. Social Control | 社会控制
Formal social control – Control exercised by official organisations with written rules and sanctions, such as the police, courts and schools. Memory aid: 'formal' requires a 'form' — official forms, rules on paper.
正式社会控制——由具有成文规则与制裁的正式组织（如警察、法院和学校）实施的控制。记忆提示：“正式”需要“表格”（form）——官方的表格、纸上的规则。
Informal social control – Control based on unwritten rules and enforced through reactions such as disapproval, ridicule or praise. Memory aid: 'informal' happens around the dinner table or playground — no paperwork, just peer pressure.
非正式社会控制——基于不成文规则，通过不满、嘲笑或赞扬等反应来实施的控制。记忆提示：“非正式”发生在餐桌旁或操场上——没有文书，只有同伴压力。
Sanctions – Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. Positive sanctions (praise) encourage conformity; negative sanctions (fines) discourage deviance. Memory aid: 'sanctions' can be a smile or a 'sanction ticket'.
制裁——用来执行规范的奖励或惩罚。正面制裁（表扬）鼓励从众；负面制裁（罚款）遏制越轨。记忆提示：“制裁”可以是一个微笑，也可以是一张“罚单”。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification – A system of ranking individuals and groups hierarchically based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity and age. Memory aid: picture a layered cake — each layer has different amounts of power and resources.
社会分层——基于阶级、性别、种族和年龄等因素将个人和群体进行等级排序的系统。记忆提示：想象一块千层蛋糕——每一层都拥有不同分量的权力和资源。
Social class – A group sharing a similar economic position, often measured by occupation, income and wealth. Memory aid: class like a 'classroom' — traditionally the working, middle and upper 'desks'.
社会阶级——拥有相似经济地位的群体，通常以职业、收入和财富来衡量。记忆提示：阶级就像“教室”（classroom）——传统上分为工人、中产和上层的“课桌”。
Life chances – uals have to access resources such as education, healthcare and housing. Memory aid: think 'life chances = your starting ticket' — some tickets offer better seats.
生活机会——个人获得教育、医疗和住房等资源的机会。记忆提示：把“生活机会”想成“你的入场券”——有些票给出了更好的座位。
6. Family | 家庭
Nuclear family – A family unit consisting of a mother, father and their dependent children. Memory aid: 'nuclear' as the small, tight core — like the nucleus of a cell.
核心家庭——由母亲、父亲及其未成年子女组成的家庭单位。记忆提示：“核心”像小而紧密的内核——好比细胞的细胞核。
Extended family – A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles living together or nearby. Memory aid: 'extended' stretches beyond the core — extra members joining the household.
扩展家庭——包含除核心单位以外亲属的家庭结构，例如祖父母、叔伯阿姨共同居住或相邻。记忆提示：“扩展”在核心之外延伸——额外成员加入家庭。
Conjugal roles – The roles of husband and wife within the home. Segregated roles are separate; joint roles are shared. Memory aid: 'conjugal' sounds like 'conjoined'; think of couples either divided or conjoined in tasks.
婚姻角色——丈夫和妻子在家中的角色。隔离角色是分开的；联合角色是共享的。记忆提示：“conjugal”音似“conjoined”（连接的）；想象夫妻要么分开任务，要么连接在一起。
Symmetrical family – A family in which roles and responsibilities are shared equally between partners. Memory aid: 'symmetrical' like a butterfly's wings — both sides mirror each other.
对称家庭——伴侣之间平等分担角色和责任的家庭。记忆提示：“对称”如同蝴蝶翅膀——两边相互映照。
7. Education | 教育
Hidden curriculum – The informal lessons taught in school beyond the official syllabus, such as punctuality, obedience and competition. Memory aid: the 'hidden' timetable runs beneath the surface — lessons not written on the board.
隐性课程——学校中超出正式大纲的非正式教导，例如守时、服从和竞争。记忆提示：“隐性”课表在表面下运行——那些不写在黑板上的课。
Meritocracy – A system in which individuals achieve success based on their ability and effort. Memory aid: 'merit' means worth; think 'merit-ocracy' — worth decides the outcome.
精英治理——依据个人能力和努力获得成功的体系。记忆提示：“merit”即价值；记作“价值统治”——价值决定结果。
Labelling – The process of attaching a definition or tag to a person, which can affect their self-concept and behaviour. Memory aid: like sticking a label on a jar; once labelled 'trouble-maker', people treat the contents differently.
贴标签——给一个人贴上定义或标签的过程，这会影响其自我概念和行为。记忆提示：就像给罐子贴标签；一旦贴上“捣蛋鬼”的标签，人们对待罐内之物的方式就不同了。
Streaming – Dividing students into groups according to perceived ability. Memory aid: imagine different streams flowing at different speeds — fast stream, slow stream.
分流——根据感知能力将学生分成不同组别。记忆提示：想象不同的溪流以不同速度流淌——快班、慢班。
8. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance – Behaviour that violates social norms but may not break the law. Memory aid: 'devi-ance' — deviating from the path, like stepping off the footpath without necessarily crashing a barrier.
越轨——违反社会规范但未必违法的行为。记忆提示：“devi-ance”——偏离了道路，就像离开人行道但不一定撞破护栏。
Crime – An act that breaks a formal written law and is punishable by the state. Memory aid: 'crime' rhymes with 'time' — many crimes lead to serving time in prison.
犯罪——违反正式成文法律并受到国家惩罚的行为。记忆提示：“crime”与“time”（刑期）押韵——许多犯罪会招致入狱服刑。
Anomie – A state of normlessness where society fails to regulate individuals' aspirations effectively, often identified by Durkheim. Memory aid: 'a-no-me' — in anomie, there is 'no me' to guide, no clear rules.
失范——社会未能有效调控个人抱负而导致的无规范状态，常由涂尔干提出。记忆提示：“a-no-me”——在失范中，“没有我”来指引，没有清晰的规则。
White-collar crime – Crime committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their occupation, such as fraud. Memory aid: white-collar contrasts with 'blue-collar'; picture a person in a white shirt committing computer fraud.
白领犯罪——高社会地位者在职业过程中实施的犯罪，如欺诈。记忆提示：白领与“蓝领”相对；想象穿白衬衫的人实施电脑欺诈。
9. Mass Media | 大众媒体
Mass media – Forms of communication that reach a large, diverse audience, including television, newspapers, radio and social media. Memory aid: 'mass' as massive — massive audience, massive influence.
大众媒体——触及大量多样化受众的传播形式，包括电视、报纸、广播和社交媒体。记忆提示：“mass”即大规模——大规模受众，大规模影响。
Hypodermic syringe model – An early media effects theory suggesting media messages are directly injected into a passive audience, triggering an immediate response. Memory aid: picture a needle injecting an opinion straight into the brain.
皮下注射模式——一种早期的媒体效果理论，认为媒体信息直接注射入被动的受众，引发即时反应。记忆提示：想象一根针将观点直接注射进大脑。
Agenda setting – The ability of the media to influence the importance placed on topics by the public by repeated coverage. Memory aid: the media 'set the table' — deciding which dishes (topics) you pay attention to.
议程设定——媒体通过反复报道来影响公众对话题重要性的判断的能力。记忆提示：媒体“摆好餐桌”——决定你关注哪些菜肴（话题）。
10. Research Methods | 研究方法
Primary data – Original data collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific purpose, e.g. interviews, questionnaires. Memory aid: 'primary' as 'first-hand' — you are the primary source.
一手数据——研究者为特定目的亲自收集的原始数据，如访谈、问卷。记忆提示：“primary”意为“第一手”——你是一手数据的来源。
Secondary data – Data that already exists and was collected by someone else, such as official statistics or diaries. Memory aid: 'secondary' as 'second-hand' — someone else gathered it first.
二手数据——已经存在、由他人收集的数据，如官方统计或日记。记忆提示：“secondary”意为“二手”——别人先收集的。
Qualitative data – Non-numerical information exploring depth, meanings and feelings, often presented as words. Memory aid: 'quality' highlights qualities; data that paints a picture with words.
定性数据——非数值信息，探究深度、意义和感受，常以文字呈现。记忆提示：“quality”强调特质；用文字描绘画面的数据。
Quantitative data – Numerical information that can be measured and statistically analysed. Memory aid: 'quantity' points to numbers; count it, graph it.
定量数据——可测量和统计分析的数字信息。记忆提示：“quantity”指向数量；可以数，可以画图。
Validity – The extent to which a research method measures what it intends to measure. Memory aid: 'valid' means 'true' — is the measurement truly capturing the concept?
效度——研究方法测量其所欲测量事物的程度。记忆提示：“valid”意为“真实”——测量是否真正捕捉到了概念？
Reliability – The consistency of results when a study is replicated under similar conditions. Memory aid: 'rely' on it again; if you repeat the steps, you get the same outcome.
信度——在相似条件下重复研究时结果的一致性。记忆提示：可以“依赖”；重复步骤，得到相同结果。
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