📚 Year 11 WJEC Sociology: Core Knowledge Review | WJEC 11年级社会学核心知识点梳理
As you approach your Year 11 WJEC Sociology exams, consolidating your understanding of key sociological concepts, theories, and research is essential. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the core content, from the fundamentals of socialisation to the analysis of social stratification, education, family, and crime. It is designed to help you connect the various topics, apply theoretical perspectives, and use relevant evidence effectively. Use this revision guide alongside your class notes and past papers to maximise your success.
随着 WJEC 社会学 Year 11 考试的临近，巩固对社会学关键概念、理论和研究的理解至关重要。本文全面梳理核心内容，从社会化的基础到社会分层、教育、家庭与犯罪的分析。旨在帮助你联系各个主题，应用理论视角，并有效运用相关证据。请结合课堂笔记和往年试题使用本复习指南，以取得最佳成绩。
1. What is Sociology? Key Concepts | 社会学是什么？核心概念
Sociology is the systematic study of human society, social groups and social interactions. It challenges our taken-for-granted assumptions and encourages us to see the link between personal troubles and public issues. Central to sociological analysis are key concepts: culture (the way of life of a group, including beliefs, language and customs), norms (unwritten rules that guide behaviour), values (shared ideas about what is good or desirable), roles (expected patterns of behaviour attached to a particular social position) and status (the social position a person holds). Socialisation is the lifelong process through which we learn and internalise these elements, making us functioning members of society.
社会学是对人类社会、社会群体和社会互动的系统研究。它挑战我们理所当然的假设，促使我们看到个人困扰与公共议题之间的联系。社会学的核心概念包括：文化（一个群体的生活方式，包括信仰、语言和习俗）、规范（指导行为的非正式规则）、价值观（关于什么是好的或可取的共享观念）、角色（与特定社会位置相关的期望行为模式）和地位（个人所处的社会位置）。社会化是我们学习并内化这些元素的终身过程，使我们成为能正常运作的社会成员。
Primary socialisation typically occurs in the family during early childhood, where children learn language, basic norms and values. Secondary socialisation happens later through institutions such as schools, peer groups, the mass media, workplace and religion. These agencies transmit culture and help shape identity. Formal and informal social control then ensure conformity to the norms learned.
初级社会化通常发生在幼儿期的家庭中，儿童学习语言、基本规范和价值观。次级社会化则通过学校、同龄群体、大众媒体、工作场所和宗教等制度进行。这些媒介传递文化并塑造身份认同。正式和非正式社会控制随后确保人们遵守已习得的规范。
2. Sociological Theories | 社会学理论
Functionalists, like Durkheim and Parsons, view society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and solidarity. They emphasize the importance of value consensus and the role of social institutions in meeting society's needs. For example, the family performs functions such as primary socialisation and emotional stabilisation of adults. Functionalists argue that social order is maintained because most people share the same norms and values.
功能主义者，如涂尔干和帕森斯，将社会视为相互关联的部分共同运作以维持稳定和团结的系统。他们强调价值共识的重要性以及社会机构在
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