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Year 11 WJEC French: Essential Grammar Formula Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 WJEC 法语:必备语法公式速查手册

2026-07-20 18:55 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 11 WJEC French: Essential Grammar Formula Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 WJEC 法语:必备语法公式速查手册

This quick reference handbook distils the essential grammatical 'formulas' you need for Year 11 WJEC French. Think of each structure as a formula to memorise and apply, just as you would in mathematics. Mastering these patterns will dramatically improve your accuracy in writing and speaking, giving you confidence for your GCSE exams. Keep this guide close, and treat it as your go-to toolkit for revision.

本速查手册提炼了 Year 11 WJEC 法语所需的核心语法“公式”。把每个结构当作一个需要记忆并应用的公式,就像数学公式一样。掌握这些模式将极大提升你写作和口语的准确性,让你在 GCSE 考试中充满信心。随身携带这本指南,把它当作你复习的首选工具包。


1. Present Tense Regular Verb Formulas | 现在时规则动词公式

Regular -ER verbs are the largest group. To conjugate, remove the -ER and add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For example, with 'parler' (to speak): je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent. This is the most fundamental formula and appears in almost every exam task.

规则 -ER 动词是最大的一组。变位时,去掉 -ER 并加上词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。以 parler(说话)为例:je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent。这是最基本的公式,几乎出现在每一项考试任务中。

For regular -IR verbs like 'finir' (to finish), the pattern is: -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. So: je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent. Regular -RE verbs like 'vendre' (to sell) follow: -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent, giving: je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent.

对于以 -IR 结尾的规则动词,如 finir(完成),模式是:-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。因此:je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent。以 -RE 结尾的规则动词,如 vendre(卖),则遵循:-s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent,得出:je vends, tu vends, il/elle vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent。

The key formula for regular present tense can be summarised as: STEM + ENDING-SET. Memorising these three ending sets covers the vast majority of verbs you will encounter in Year 11.

规则现在时的关键公式可以总结为:词干 + 词尾组。记住这三组词尾,就能涵盖 Year 11 中遇到的大多数动词。

Pronoun-ER (parler)-IR (finir)-RE (vendre)
jeparlefinisvends
tuparlesfinisvends
il/elleparlefinitvend
nousparlonsfinissonsvendons
vousparlezfinissezvendez
ils/ellesparlentfinissentvendent

2. Key Irregular Verbs Present Tense | 关键不规则动词现在时

Irregular verbs are the 'constants' of the French language formula sheet. You must learn these by heart because they do not follow the standard rules. The four most critical are 'etre' (to be), 'avoir' (to have), 'aller' (to go), and 'faire' (to do/make). Their present tense forms are the building blocks for compound tenses and countless idiomatic expressions.

不规则动词是法语公式表中的“常数”。你必须牢记它们,因为它们不遵循标准规则。最关键的是四个动词是 etre(是)、avoir(有)、aller(去)和 faire(做)。它们的现在时形式是复合时态和无数习惯用语的基础。

'Avoir' is used to form the perfect tense, to express age, and in phrases like 'avoir faim' (to be hungry). Its formula is: j'ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont. 'Etre' is used for identity, location, and to form the perfect tense with certain verbs. Its forms are: je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous etes, ils/elles sont.

Avoir 用于构成复合过去时、表达年龄,以及用于 avoir faim(饿了)等短语。其公式是:j'ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont。Etre 用于表达身份、位置,并与某些动词一起构成复合过去时。其形式为:je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous etes, ils/elles sont。

'Aller' is irregular but vital for the near future tense formula (aller + infinitive). Its present tense is: je vais, tu vas, il/elle va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont. 'Faire' has equally irregular forms: je fais, tu fais, il/elle fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font. Treat these as separate, highly-tested entries in your personal revision table.

Aller 是不规则的,但对最近将来时公式(aller + 不定式)至关重要。其现在时为:je vais, tu vas, il/elle va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont。Faire 同样有不规则形式:je fais, tu fais, il/elle fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font。将它们视为你个人复习表中独立且高频考察的条目。

Pronounavoiretreallerfaire
jeaisuisvaisfais
tuasesvasfais
il/elleaestvafait
nousavonssommesallonsfaisons
vousavezetesallezfaites
ils/ellesontsontvontfont

3. Perfect Tense Formula (Passe Compose) | 复合过去时公式

The perfect tense is your primary tool for describing completed actions in the past. The universal formula is: AUXILIARY VERB (present tense of avoir or etre) + PAST PARTICIPLE. The choice of auxiliary depends on the main verb. Most verbs use 'avoir'. A set of movement and reflexive verbs use 'etre', and these require agreement between the past participle and the subject.

复合过去时是你描述过去已完成动作的主要工具。通用公式是:助动词(avoir 或 etre 的现在时)+ 过去分词。助动词的选择取决于主要动词。大多数动词使用 avoir。一组运动动词和反身动词使用 etre,并且这些动词要求过去分词与主语性数配合。

To form the past participle for regular -ER verbs, replace -ER with -e: parle -> parle. For regular -IR verbs, replace -IR with -i: fini -> fini. For regular -RE verbs, replace -RE with -u: vendu -> vendu. You then plug these into the formula. For example, 'I spoke' becomes: j'ai parle.

要构成规则 -ER 动词的过去分词,将 -ER 替换为 -e:parle -> parle。对于规则 -IR 动词,将 -IR 替换为 -i:fini -> fini。对于规则 -RE 动词,将 -RE 替换为 -u:vendu -> vendu。然后将它们代入公式。例如,“我说过”变成:j'ai parle。

With 'etre' verbs, often remembered by the acronym MRS VAN DE TRAMP (Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naitre, Descendre, Entrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir), the past participle agrees with the subject like an adjective: elle est allee (she went), nous sommes partis (we left).

对于使用 etre 的动词,常通过首字母缩略词 MRS VAN DE TRAMP(Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naitre, Descendre, Entrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir)来记忆,其过去分词需要与主语性数配合:elle est allee(她去了),nous sommes partis(我们离开了)。

The perfect tense formula is one of the highest-marked structures on the WJEC writing paper, so its mastery is non-negotiable.

复合过去时公式是 WJEC 写作试卷上分值最高的结构之一,因此掌握它是没有商量余地的。


4. Imperfect Tense Formula | 未完成过去时公式

The imperfect tense describes ongoing, habitual, or descriptive past states. Its formula is refreshingly consistent: take the 'nous' form of the present tense, drop the '-ons', and add the imperfect endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The only exception is the verb 'etre', whose stem is 'et-'.

未完成过去时描述持续的、习惯性的或描述性的过去状态。其公式非常一致:取现在时的 nous 形式,去掉 -ons,然后加上未完成过去时的词尾:-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。唯一的例外是动词 etre,其词干是 et-。

So, for 'parler', the nous form is 'parlons'. The stem is 'parl-'. The conjugation becomes: je parlais, tu parlais, il/elle parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils/elles parlaient. This works for almost every verb, making it one of the most reliable and learnable formulas in French grammar.

因此,对于 parler,nous 形式是 parlons。词干是 parl-。变位变成:je parlais, tu parlais, il/elle parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils/elles parlaient。这适用于几乎所有的动词,使其成为法语语法中最可靠、最易学的公式之一。

Use this tense to set the scene in a narrative: 'Quand j'etais petit, je jouais toujours dans le jardin.' (When I was little, I always played in the garden.) The contrast with the perfect tense is a key WJEC exam skill: use imperfect for ongoing background context, and perfect for specific, completed actions that interrupt it.

在叙事中使用这个时态来设置背景:“Quand j'etais petit, je jouais toujours dans le jardin.”(当我小的时候,我总是在花园里玩。)与复合过去时的对比是 WJEC 考试的关键技能:使用未完成过去时描述持续的背景语境,使用复合过去时描述打断这一背景的具体、已完成的动作。


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5. Future Tense Formulas | 将来时公式

There are two future tense formulas you need for WJEC: the Immediate Future and the Simple Future. The Immediate Future is formed with the present tense of 'aller' + infinitive. It expresses what is going to happen soon. Formula: ALLER (present) + INFINITIVE. For example: 'Je vais regarder la tele.' (I am going to watch TV.)

WJEC 考试需要你掌握两种将来时公式:最近将来时和简单将来时。最近将来时由 aller 的现在时 + 不定式构成。它表达即将发生的事情。公式:ALLER(现在时)+ 不定式。例如:“Je vais regarder la tele.”(我要去看电视。)

The Simple Future is the proper 'will' tense. For regular -ER and -IR verbs, the formula is: WHOLE INFINITIVE + ending (-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont). For -RE verbs, drop the final -e and add the same endings. For 'parler': je parlerai, tu parleras, il/elle parlera, nous parlerons, vous parlerez, ils/elles parleront.

简单将来时是真正的“将会”时态。对于规则 -ER 和 -IR 动词,公式是:完整不定式 + 词尾(-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont)。对于 -RE 动词,去掉末尾的 -e 并加上相同的词尾。以 parler 为例:je parlerai, tu parleras, il/elle parlera, nous parlerons, vous parlerez, ils/elles parleront。

Irregular stems exist but still take the same endings. Key ones include: etre -> ser-, avoir -> aur-, aller -> ir-, faire -> fer-, pouvoir -> pourr-, vouloir -> voudr-. Memorise the irregular stems with the endings as a complete new 'formula lemma'.

不规则词干确实存在,但仍采用相同的词尾。关键的不规则词干包括:etre -> ser-,avoir -> aur-,aller -> ir-,faire -> fer-,pouvoir -> pourr-,vouloir -> voudr-。将不规则词干连同词尾一起作为完整的新“公式词条”来记忆。


6. Conditional Tense Formula | 条件式公式

The conditional tense is used to say 'would do' or to make polite requests. Its formula uses the same stems as the simple future, but with the imperfect tense endings. So the formula is: FUTURE STEM + IMPERFECT ENDINGS (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). This elegant link between tenses dramatically reduces the memorisation burden.

条件式用来表示“会做某事”或提出礼貌请求。其公式使用与简单将来时相同的词干,但搭配未完成过去时的词尾。因此公式是:将来时词干 + 未完成过去时词尾(-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)。这种时态之间优雅的联系大大减少了记忆负担。

For the verb 'parler', the future stem is 'parler-', so the conditional is: je parlerais (I would speak), tu parlerais, il/elle parlerait, nous parlerions, vous parleriez, ils/elles parleraient. This formula is critical for 'si' clause structures and for expressing hypothetical situations in your exam writing.

对于动词 parler,将来时词干是 parler-,因此条件式是:je parlerais(我会说),tu parlerais,il/elle parlerait,nous parlerions,vous parleriez,ils/elles parleraient。这个公式对于 si 从句结构以及在考试写作中表达假设情境至关重要。

Key irregular conditionals to master include: je voudrais (I would like), j'aimerais (I would like/love), je serais (I would be), j'aurais (I would have). 'Je voudrais' is the single most useful conditional form for transactional language tasks.

需要掌握的关键不规则条件式包括:je voudrais(我想要),j'aimerais(我想要/喜欢),je serais(我会是),j'aurais(我会有)。Je voudrais 是事务性语言任务中唯一最有用的条件式形式。


7. Negative Structures | 否定结构

The basic negation formula in French is a two-part 'sandwich' around the conjugated verb: ne + VERB + pas. For a simple present tense verb, this is straightforward: 'Je ne mange pas de viande.' (I do not eat meat.) With a compound tense like the perfect, the 'ne...pas' wraps around the auxiliary verb: 'Je n'ai pas mange.' (I did not eat.)

法语中基本否定公式是环绕变位动词的两部分“三明治”:ne + 动词 + pas。对于简单的现在时动词,这很简单:“Je ne mange pas de viande.”(我不吃肉。)对于像复合过去时这样的复合时态,ne...pas 环绕助动词:“Je n'ai pas mange.”(我没吃。)

Other negative formulas expand your precision: ne...jamais (never), ne...rien (nothing), ne...personne (nobody), ne...plus (no longer). The formula remains a 'sandwich' except for 'ne...personne', where 'personne' comes after the past participle: 'Je n'ai vu personne.' (I saw nobody.)

其他否定公式可以扩展你的精确度:ne...jamais(从不),ne...rien(没什么),ne...personne(没人),ne...plus(不再)。除了 ne...personne 中 personne 置于过去分词之后外,公式仍然是“三明治”结构:“Je n'ai vu personne.”(我没看到任何人。)

In the WJEC speaking and writing tasks, demonstrating sophisticated negation (e.g., 'Je ne vais jamais au cinema parce que je prefere rester chez moi.') lifts your language mark significantly. Always check your ne placement in responses.

在 WJEC 口语和写作任务中,展示复杂的否定(例如,“Je ne vais jamais au cinema parce que je prefere rester chez moi.”我从来不去电影院,因为我更喜欢待在家里。)能显著提升你的语言分数。在回答中务必检查 ne 的位置。


8. Question Formation Formulas | 疑问句构成公式

French has three main question-asking formulas, ranging from informal to formal. Formula 1, the simplest, is 'Est-ce que' + STATEMENT, which turns any statement into a question with no word order change. Example: 'Est-ce que tu aimes le foot?' (Do you like football?) This is a safe, universally correct formula for the exam.

法语有三种主要的提问公式,从非正式到正式。公式一,也是最简单的,是 Est-ce que + 陈述句,它可以将任何陈述句变为问句而无需改变语序。例句:“Est-ce que tu aimes le foot?”(你喜欢足球吗?)这是考试中安全、广泛正确的公式。

Formula 2, the formal inversion formula, involves inverting the subject pronoun and verb with a hyphen: VERB-SUBJECT? For example, 'Aimes-tu le foot?' If the verb ends in a vowel and the subject is 'il', 'elle', or 'on', insert a '-t-' for euphony: 'A-t-il un chien?' (Does he have a dog?) This formula demonstrates high grammatical competence.

公式二,即正式的主谓倒装公式,涉及将主语代词和动词用连字符倒装:动词-主语?例如,“Aimes-tu le foot?”如果动词以元音结尾且主语是 il、elle 或 on,则插入 -t- 以保证谐音:“A-t-il un chien?”(他有一只狗吗?)这个公式展示了高水平的语法能力。

Formula 3 is the rising intonation formula, used in informal speech: just raise your voice at the end of a statement. 'Tu aimes le foot?' In writing tasks, this is less formal, so for your exam, prioritise 'Est-ce que' and inversion for higher marks.

公式三是升调公式,用于非正式口语:只需在陈述句末尾抬高语调。“Tu aimes le foot?”在写作任务中,这不够正式,因此在考试中,为了获得更高分数,应优先使用 Est-ce que 和倒装结构。


9. Adjective Agreement Rules | 形容词配合规则

The adjective agreement formula is a core feature of French grammar and a common source of errors. The general rule is to add -e for feminine, -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural to the masculine singular form. This must be applied to every adjective in your sentence, not just the first one.

形容词配合公式是法语语法的核心特征,也是常见的错误来源。一般规则是在阳性单数形式后添加 -e 表示阴性,添加 -s 表示复数,添加 -es 表示阴性复数。这必须应用于你句子中的每一个形容词,而不仅仅是第一个。

There are many irregular adjective formulas, however. Common patterns include: adjectives ending in -eux change to -euse (heureux -> heureuse); those in -if change to -ive (sportif -> sportive); and those in -ien change to -ienne (canadien -> canadienne). A separate formula applies to adjectives that precede the noun, remembered by the acronym BANGS (Beauty, Age, Number, Goodness, Size).

然而,有许多不规则形容词公式。常见模式包括:以 -eux 结尾的形容词变为 -euse(heureux -> heureuse);以 -if 结尾的变为 -ive(sportif -> sportive);以 -ien 结尾的变为 -ienne(canadien -> canadienne)。对于前置形容词,适用另一条公式,可通过首字母缩略词 BANGS(美、龄、数、善、尺)来记忆。

'Les grandes maisons blanches' (The big white houses) demonstrates both rules: 'grandes' precedes the noun and agrees in feminine plural, while 'blanches' follows the noun and also agrees. In the WJEC exam, consistently applying the adjective-noun agreement formula is a marker of a grade 7-9 candidate.

“Les grandes maisons blanches”(那些大的白色房子)展示了两种规则:grandes 前置并与阴性复数名词配合,blanches 后置也与其配合。在 WJEC 考试中,始终如一地应用形容词-名词配合公式是 7-9 分考生的标志。


10. Pronoun Placement Formulas | 代词位置公式

Direct and indirect object pronouns follow a strict positioning formula that is non-negotiable in French. In the present tense, the pronoun goes immediately before the conjugated verb. Formula: SUBJECT + PRONOUN + VERB. For instance, 'Je le vois' (I see him/it), 'Elle me parle' (She speaks to me).

直接和间接宾语代词遵循严格的定位公式,这在法语中是没有商量余地的。在现在时中,代词置于变位动词之前。公式:主语 + 代词 + 动词。例如,“Je le vois”(我看见他/它),“Elle me parle”(她对我说)。

In the perfect tense (passe compose), the pronoun still precedes the auxiliary verb: 'Je l'ai vu' (I saw him/it). The past participle agrees in gender and number with a preceding direct object pronoun: 'Je les ai vus' (I saw them - masculine plural), 'Je les ai vues' (I saw them - feminine plural). This is a high-precision grammar point frequently tested.

在复合过去时中,代词仍然置于助动词之前:“Je l'ai vu”(我看见了他/它)。过去分词需要与前置的直接宾语代词性数配合:“Je les ai vus”(我看见他们 - 阳性复数),“Je les ai vues”(我看见她们 - 阴性复数)。这是一个高精度的语法点,经常被考查。

With an infinitive construction (like immediate future), the pronoun moves before the infinitive: 'Je vais le faire' (I am going to do it). The ordering of multiple pronouns follows a specific table: me/te/se/nous/vous -> le/la/les -> lui/leur -> y -> en. For example, 'Il me le donne' (He gives it to me).

在不定式结构中(如最近将来时),代词移至不定式之前:“Je vais le faire”(我要去做它)。多个代词的顺序遵循特定的表格:me/te/se/nous/vous -> le/la/les -> lui/leur -> y -> en。例如,“Il me le donne”(他把它给我)。


11. Si Clauses Patterns | Si 从句模式

'Si' (if) clauses are sophisticated structures that demonstrate a high level of grammatical control. The WJEC exam rewards candidates who can accurately deploy these patterns. The three main formulas correspond to different levels of possibility and time frames.

Si(如果)从句是能够展示高水平语法掌控力的复杂结构。WJEC 考试奖励能够准确运用这些模式的考生。三个主要公式对应不同层级的可能性和时间框架。

Formula 1: Si + PRESENT, + PRESENT (or FUTURE or IMPERATIVE). This expresses a real, likely condition. 'Si j'ai de l'argent, je vais au cinema.' (If I have money, I go to the cinema.) Or with the future: 'Si je reussis mes examens, j'irai a l'universite.' (If I pass my exams, I will go to university.)

公式一:Si + 现在时,+ 现在时(或将来时或命令式)。这表达一个真实的、可能实现的条件。“Si j'ai de l'argent, je vais au cinema.”(如果我有钱,我就去电影院。)或使用将来时:“Si je reussis mes examens, j'irai a l'universite.”(如果我通过考试,我将去上大学。)

Formula 2: Si + IMPERFECT, + CONDITIONAL. This expresses a hypothetical or unlikely situation. 'Si j'avais beaucoup d'argent, je ferais le tour du monde.' (If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.) This pattern is excellent for expressing dreams and future ambitions in your speaking exam.

公式二:Si + 未完成过去时,+ 条件式。这表达一个假设的或不太可能的情况。“Si j'avais beaucoup d'argent, je ferais le tour du monde.”(如果我有很多钱,我会环游世界。)这个模式非常适合在口语考试中表达梦想和未来抱负。

Formula 3: Si + PLUPERFECT, + PAST CONDITIONAL. For expressing regret or things that could have happened but didn't. 'Si j'avais etudie, j'aurais reussi l'examen.' (If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.) Although less common in Year 11, including this formula correctly can push you into the highest mark band.

公式三:Si + 愈过去时,+ 过去条件式。用于表达遗憾或本可能发生但未发生的事。“Si j'avais etudie, j'aurais reussi l'examen.”(如果我当时学习了,我本会通过考试的。)虽然在 Year 11 不太常见,但正确使用此公式可以帮助你进入最高分数段。


12. Subjunctive Mood Triggers | 虚拟式触发条件

The subjunctive is an advanced mood, not a tense, used to express doubt, emotion, necessity, or subjectivity. For Year 11 WJEC, it is enough to recognise and use a few key trigger phrases that require the subjunctive after 'que'. The basic present subjunctive formula for regular verbs uses the stem of the third-person plural (ils) present tense + endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.

虚拟式是一种高级语式,不是时态,用来表达怀疑、情感、必要性或主观性。对于 Year 11 WJEC,能识别并使用一些要求在 que 后使用虚拟式的关键触发短语就足够了。规则动词的基本现在时虚拟式公式使用第三人称复数(ils)现在时词干 + 词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。

Key trigger phrases to learn as fixed formulas include: 'il faut que' (it is necessary that), 'je veux que' (I want that), 'je souhaite que' (I wish that), 'bien que' (although), and 'pour que' (so that). After these, you must use the subjunctive: 'Il faut que je fasse mes devoirs.' (I must do my homework.)

作为固定公式学习的关键触发短语包括:il faut que(有必要……),je veux que(我想要……),je souhaite que(我希望……),bien que(尽管),以及 pour que(为了……)。在这些短语之后,必须使用虚拟式:“Il faut que je fasse mes devoirs.”(我必须做我的作业。)

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Published by TutorHao | Year 11 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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