📚 Year 11 WJEC Computer Science: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 WJEC 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising dozens of technical terms can feel like trying to download a terabyte of data through a narrow bandwidth. This guide reframes WJEC Year 11 Computer Science vocabulary into bite-sized, linked definitions with mnemonic hooks, so you can retrieve them instantly in your exam. Each section pairs an English explanation with its Chinese counterpart, followed by a quick memory trick.
记住几十个技术术语的感觉，就像试图通过窄带宽下载太字节数据。本指南将 WJEC Year 11 计算机科学词汇转化为一口大小的关联定义和记忆钩子，让你在考试中瞬间提取。每个小节的英文解释与中文对照，并附带快速记忆窍门。
1. Data Representation Terms | 数据表示术语
Bit: Short for 'binary digit'. It is the smallest unit of data and can only hold a value of 0 or 1. Think of a single light switch that is either OFF or ON.
位 (Bit): 'binary digit' 的缩写。数据的最小单位，只能保存 0 或 1。想象成一个只有关或开两种状态的灯开关。
Byte: A group of 8 bits. One byte can represent 256 different values (from 0 to 255) and usually stores a single character. Memory aid: take a 'bite' of eight bits.
字节 (Byte): 由 8 个位组成。一个字节可以表示 256 种不同的值 (0 到 255)，通常存储一个字符。记忆法：'Byte' 听起来像 'bite' (咬)，一口咬下 8 位。
Nibble: Exactly 4 bits, which is half a byte. A nibble can represent a single hexadecimal digit. Reminder: a 'nibble' is a small bite, similar to a nybble in computing.
半字节 (Nibble): 正好 4 位，即半个字节。一个半字节可以表示一位十六进制数字。提示：'nibble' 是轻轻咬一小口，就像数据里的 4 位小团。
Binary (base 2): A number system using only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers use binary because transistors have two states. Visualise it as a row of columns: ...128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1.
二进制 (Binary, 基数为 2): 只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数字系统。计算机使用二进制，因为晶体管有两种状态。可将其想象为一行权重列：...128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1。
Denary (base 10): The everyday number system with digits 0–9. It is 'deci' meaning ten. When converting between binary and denary, use the column weights to add up the 1s.
十进制 (Denary, 基数为 10): 日常所用的 0–9 数字系统。'deci' 表示十。在二进制与十进制之间转换时，你只需把值为 1 的权重列加起来。
Hexadecimal (base 16): A number system using sixteen symbols: 0–9 and A– ompact way to represent binary because one hex digit equals four bits (a nibble). Remember 'hex' means six and 'decimal' means ten – together sixteen.
十六进制 (Hexadecimal, 基数为 16): 使用 0–9 和 A–F 共十六个符号的数字系统 (A=10, ..., F=15)。它可以紧凑地表示二进制，因为一个十六进制数字等于四个位 (一个半字节)。记住 'hex' 表示六，'decimal' 表示十，合起来是十六。
2. Hardware Terms | 硬件术语
CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often called the 'brain' of the computer. It fetches, decodes and executes instructions. Picture a head chef reading a recipe: the dishes are the output, and the instructions are the program.
中央处理器 (CPU): 常被称为计算机的 '大脑'。它负责取指、译码和执行指令。想象一位主厨阅读菜谱：菜品是输出，指令就是程序。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that performs arithmetic ( + , - , × , ÷ ) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT). Link the 'A' to arithmetic and 'L' to logic.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU): CPU 内部的一个部件，执行算术运算 ( + , - , × , ÷ ) 和逻辑运算 (AND, OR, NOT)。把 'A' 跟算术联系起来，'L' 跟逻辑联系起来。
Control Unit (CU): The part of the CPU that directs the flow of data between components. It works like a traffic controller at a busy junction, sending signals to coordinate everything.
控制单元 (CU): CPU 中负责指挥各部件间数据流动的部分。它就像一个繁忙路口的交通指挥员，发出信号来协调所有操作。
Cache: A small, very fast memory located close to the CPU. It stores frequently used instructions and data to speed up processing. Think of it as your pocket notebook: you keep essentials within reach instead of walking to the library (RAM).
高速缓存 (Cache): 位于 CPU 附近的小容量、极快速存储器。它存放常用指令和数据以加速处理。把它想成你的口袋笔记本：把必需品放在随手可及的地方，而不是每次都去图书馆 (RAM) 翻找。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile main memory that temporarily holds the operating system, programs and data currently in use. When the power goes off, the content is lost. RAM is like your desk: the bigger it is, the more papers you can spread out to work on at once.
随机存取存储器 (RAM): 易失性主存储器，临时存放当前正在使用的操作系统、程序和数据。断电后内容丢失。RAM 好比你的书桌：桌面越大，同时能摊开处理的文件就越多。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores instructions needed to boot the computer (BIOS). You cannot easily modify it. The 'Read Only' nature makes it a sealed instruction manual that the computer reads every time it starts.
只读存储器 (ROM): 非易失性存储器，存放启动计算机所需的指令 (如 BIOS)。通常不能轻易修改。'只读' 的特性让它像一本密封的说明书，每次开机时计算机都会读取它。
3. Software Terms | 软件术语
Operating System (OS): System software that manages hardware, runs applications, and provides a user interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. Imagine the OS as the conductor of an orchestra, making sure every instrument (piece of hardware) plays its part at the right time.
操作系统 (OS): 管理硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的系统软件。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。把操作系统想象成交响乐团的指挥，确保每件乐器 (硬件) 在正确的时刻演奏自己的部分。
Utility Software: System software designed to maintain, analyse, or protect the computer. Examples: antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools. Think of them as the maintenance crew that keeps the theatre clean and safe.
实用程序 (Utility Software): 为维护、分析或保护计算机而设计的系统软件。例如杀毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序、备份工具。把它们看作剧院的保洁与维护团队，保持环境干净安全。
Application Software: Programs that allow users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, or games. These are the tools you directly use to get work done – like a hammer or a paintbrush.
应用软件 (Application Software): 让用户执行特定任务的程序，如文字处理软件、电子表格或游戏。这些是你直接用来完成工作的工具——就像锤子或画笔。
Firmware: Software that is permanently embedded into hardware (e.g., BIOS in ROM, or the control program in a washing machine). The word combines 'firm' (fixed) and 'software'. It is the bridge that gives basic instructions to physical components.
固件 (Firmware): 永久嵌入在硬件中的软件 (如 ROM 中的 BIOS，或洗衣机的控制程序)。这个词结合了 'firm' (固定) 和 'software'。它是向物理部件发出基本指令的桥梁。
Open Source Software: Software whose source code is publicly available and can be modified or distributed. Linux is a well-known example. The 'open' means the recipe is free for anyone to inspect and improve.
开源软件 (Open Source Software): 源代码公开发布、可以修改和分发的软件。Linux 是一个著名例子。'开源' 意味着配方对所有人开放，任何人都可以审查和改进。
Proprietary Software: Software that is owned by an individual or company, and its source code is usually kept secret. Users must purchase a licence. Think of it as a patented recipe that only the owner can sell.
专有软件 (Proprietary Software): 由个人或公司拥有、源代码通常保密的软件。用户必须购买许可证。把它想象成一种专利配方，只有所有者可以销售。
4. Networking Terms | 网络术语
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers within a limited geographical area, such as a school or an office. 'Local' reminds you it is confined to a single site.
局域网 (LAN): 在有限地理区域 (如学校或办公室) 内连接计算机的网络。'Local' 提醒你它只限于一个地点。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, such as the internet. A WAN often connects several LANs. The word 'wide' suggests covering cities or countries.
广域网 (WAN): 跨越较大地理区域 (如互联网) 的网络。WAN 通常将多个局域网连接起来。'Wide' 一词暗示可以覆盖城市或国家。
Protocol: A set of agreed rules that govern how data is transmitted over a network. TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol suite of the internet. Think of a protocol as the language and etiquette of a diplomatic meeting – without it, nobody understands each other.
协议 (Protocol): 管理数据如何在网络中传输的一套约定规则。TCP/IP 是互联网的基本协议族。把协议想象成外交会议的交流语言和礼节——没有它，任何一方都无法理解对方。
Packet: A small unit of data transmitted over a network. Each packet contains part of the message, source and destination addresses, and error-checking information. Imagine sending a long letter by cutting it into postcards; each postcard is a packet.
数据包 (Packet): 在网络上传输的一小段数据单元。每个包包含消息的一部分、源地址、目标地址和差错校验信息。想象把一封长信剪成多张明信片寄出，每张明信片就是一个数据包。
Router: A network device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It reads the destination address and chooses the best path. A router is like a postal sorting office that reads addresses on packets and sends them toward the correct destination.
路由器 (Router): 在网络之间转发数据包的设备。它读取目标地址并选择最佳路径。路由器就像一个邮件分拣中心，读取包上的地址后发往正确的目的地。
Bandwidth: The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given time, usually measured in bits per second (bps). A wider bandwidth means more data can flow at once – just like a wider pipe carries more water.
带宽 (Bandwidth): 网络连接在给定时间内可传输的最大数据量，通常以比特每秒 (bps) 为单位。更大的带宽意味着可同时流过更多数据——正如同更粗的水管能输送更多水。
5. Algorithms & Programming Basics | 算法与编程基础
Algorithm: A step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or perform a task. Algorithms are like cooking recipes: clear, ordered, and repeatable.
算法 (Algorithm): 为解决某个问题或执行某项任务而设计的一系列分步指令。算法就像烹饪食谱：清晰、有序、可重复。
Pseudocode: A simplified, human-readable description of an algorithm that uses programming constructs but does not follow strict syntax. It bridges the gap between plain English and code. The prefix 'pseudo-' means 'fake', so it is fake code.
伪代码 (Pseudocode): 一种简化的、人类可读的算法描述，使用程序结构但不遵守严格的语法。它架起了从自然语言到代码的桥梁。前缀 'pseudo-' 意思是 '假'，所以它是假代码。
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change while a program runs. Think of a variable as a labelled box into which you can put different items at different times.
变量 (Variable): 在内存中命名的存储位置，其值在程序运行期间可以改变。给变量想象一个带标签的盒子，不同时间你可以放入不同的物品。
Constant: A named value that does not change during program execution. Use it for figures like pi (π) or tax rates. A constant is like a permanent marker that keeps its value forever.
常量 (Constant): 在程序执行期间不会改变的指定值。用于像圆周率 (π) 或税率这类数值。常量就像是永不褪色的永久记号笔。
Sequence, Selection, Iteration: The three building blocks of structured programming. Sequence means executing instructions in order. Selection uses conditions (IF statements) to choose paths. Iteration repeats blocks of code (FOR, WHILE loops). Link them with the letters S-S-I: Step by step, Split by condition, and run In circles.
顺序、选择、迭代: 结构化编程的三大构建块。顺序指按次序执行指令。选择使用条件 (IF 语句) 来选择路径。迭代则重复执行代码块 (FOR、WHILE 循环)。用首字母 S-S-I 来记：Step by step、Split by condition、run in circles。
Subroutine: A named block of code that can be called whenever needed, such as a function or a procedure. Using subroutines avoids repetition and keeps code tidy. It is like a mini-program you can invoke with a single command.
子程序 (Subroutine): 一个命名的代码块，可在需要时随时调用，例如函数或过程。使用子程序可以避免重复、保持代码整洁。它就像一个你能够用单一指令调用的微型程序。
6. Data Structures & Databases | 数据结构与数据库
Record: A complete set of related fields describing one entity. For example, a student record might contain name, ID, and date of birth. A record is like a single row in a table.
记录 (Record): 描述一个实体的完整相关字段集合。例如，一条学生记录可能包含姓名、ID 和出生日期。记录就像表格中的一行。
Field: A single piece of data within a record, such as 'Surname' or 'Age'. Each field has a specific data type. Think of a field as a box in a form: that one box holds just your phone number.
字段 (Field): 记录中的单个数据项，例如 '姓氏' 或 '年龄'。每个字段具有特定的数据类型。把字段想象成表单中的一个格子：那个格子只放你的电话号码。
Table: A structured collection of records
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