📚 Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographical vocabulary is the foundation of success in Year 10 Cambridge Geography. This guide breaks down essential terms by topic, presenting each concept with a clear definition and a memorable angle—paired with key associations, visual clues, and real‑world connections. Whether you are revising river landforms, coastal processes, population dynamics, or economic activities, these bilingual snapshots will help you build recall speed and precision for your exams.
掌握地理词汇是取得 Year 10 Cambridge 地理好成绩的基础。本指南按主题拆解必要术语，为每个概念提供清晰定义和便于记忆的思路——搭配核心关联、视觉线索和真实世界联系。无论你在复习河流地貌、海岸过程、人口动态还是经济活动，这些双语速记快照将帮助你提升回忆速度和考试答题的准确性。
1. River Landform Terms | 河流地貌术语
V‑shaped valley – a narrow valley with steep sides, formed by vertical erosion in the upper course of a river. Think of a ‘V’ cut by the river’s downward cutting power.
V 形谷——两侧陡峭的狭窄山谷，由河流上游的垂直侵蚀形成。可以想象河流下切的力量刻出一个“V”字。
Interlocking spurs – projections of high land that alternate from either side of a valley, forcing a river to wind around them. They look like the teeth of a zip locking together.
交错山嘴——从山谷两侧交替伸出的高地突起，迫使河流绕行。它们看起来像拉链的齿互相咬合。
Meander – a bend in a river channel. On the outside of the bend, erosion happens; on the inside, deposition builds a point bar. Remember: ‘fast outside, slow inside’.
曲流（河曲）——河道中的弯曲处。弯道外侧发生侵蚀，内侧堆积形成凸岸边滩。记住：“外侧速，内侧缓”。
Ox‑bow lake – a crescent‑shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river. Picture a bow that detaches and becomes a lake.
牛轭湖——当曲流与主流切断后形成的月牙形湖泊。想象一个弯弓脱离水系，成为湖泊。
Floodplain – wide, flat land on either side of a river, built up by deposition during floods. It is the river’s ‘storage area’ for excess water.
洪泛平原——河流两侧宽阔平坦的土地，由洪水期间的沉积作用堆积而成。它是河流储存多余水分的“缓冲区”。
Levee – a natural or artificial embankment along a river channel, formed by repeated deposition of coarse sediment close to the channel during floods. Think of raised banks that confine the river.
天然堤——沿河道的天然或人工堤岸，由洪水期间粗颗粒沉积物在近河道处反复堆积形成。想象高起的河岸束缚住河水。
2. Coastal Landform Terms | 海岸地貌术语
Headland – a point of more resistant rock jutting into the sea. It bears the brunt of wave attack. Remember: hard rocks stand proud.
岬角——伸入海中的较硬岩石突出部。它首当其冲遭受波浪冲蚀。记住：硬岩挺立前沿。
Bay – a wide, curved indentation in the coastline where softer rock has been eroded more quickly. Bays form sheltered areas between headlands.
海湾——海岸线上宽阔弯曲的凹入处，因较软岩石更快被侵蚀而形成。海湾在岬角之间形成遮蔽水域。
Wave‑cut platform – a gently sloping rocky surface left behind as a cliff retreats inland. It is the footprint of an eroding cliff.
波蚀平台——随着悬崖向内陆后退而留下的平缓倾斜的岩面。它是侵蚀崖的“脚印”。
Spit – a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle that extends from the shore into the sea, often with a curved end. It grows where longshore drift deposits material.
沙嘴——从海岸延伸入海的狭长沙粒或卵石脊，末端常弯曲。它在沿岸漂移堆积物质的地方生长。
Bar – a ridge of sand or shingle that connects two headlands across a bay, sometimes cutting off a lagoon. Think of a spit that has met the other side.
连岛沙坝——横跨海湾连接两个岬角的沙粒或卵石脊，有时切断形成潟湖。想象沙嘴伸到了对岸。
Longshore drift – the zig‑zag movement of sediment along a coastline, caused by waves hitting the shore at an angle. Swash carries material up, backwash drags it straight down.
沿岸漂移——沉积物沿海岸呈锯齿状移动，由波浪以一定角度拍岸引起。冲流把物质推上，回流垂直带下。
3. Population Terminology | 人口术语
Birth rate – number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It indicates how fast a population is being added to naturally.
出生率——每年每千人中活产婴儿数。它显示人口自然增长的速度。
Death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Falling death rates usually signal improved healthcare.
死亡率——每年每千人中的死亡人数。死亡率下降通常标志着医疗保健改善。
Natural increase – the difference between birth rate and death rate. It can be positive or negative. Formula:
Natural increase = Birth rate – Death rate
自然增长率——出生率与死亡率之差，可为正或负。公式：
自然增长率 = 出生率 − 死亡率
Infant mortality rate – number of deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births. High rates point to poor nutrition or healthcare.
婴儿死亡率——每千名活产婴儿中一岁前死亡的人数。高数值指向营养不良或医疗条件差。
Life expectancy – average number of years a person is expected to live. It summarises the health of a population.
预期寿命——一个人预期能活的平均年数。它概括了人口的健康状况。
Population density – number of people per unit area, usually per km². It tells how crowded a place is.
人口密度——单位面积（通常每平方公里）上的人口数。它表示一个地方的拥挤程度。
Dependency ratio – the proportion of dependents (under 15 and over 65) to the working‑age population (15‑64). A high ratio strains resources.
抚养比——被抚养人口（15岁以下和65岁以上）与劳动年龄人口（15‑64）的比例。高比率为资源带来压力。
4. Settlement & Urbanisation Terms | 聚落与城市化术语
Site – the actual land on which a settlement is built, including its physical characteristics such as slope, water supply and shelter.
聚落位置——聚落建立的实际土地，包括其自然特征，如坡度、水源和遮蔽条件。
Situation – the location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding features, e.g. near a river crossing or trade route.
聚落区位——聚落相对于周围特征的位置，例如靠近渡口或商路。
Urbanisation – the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It often accelerates with industrialisation.
城市化——居住在城镇中的人口比例上升。它常随工业化加速进行。
Suburbanisation – the spread of people and businesses from central urban areas into the suburbs. It creates dormitory towns.
郊区化——人口和企业从中心城区向郊区扩散。它产生了卧城。
Megacity – a city with a population of over 10 million people. Think of Tokyo, Delhi or Shanghai.
超大城市——人口超过1000万的城市。如东京、德里或上海。
Urban sprawl – the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding countryside. It often results in low‑density housing and car dependency.
城市摊饼式扩张——城市区域向周边乡村的无序扩展，常导致低密度住房和汽车依赖。
5. Agricultural Systems Terms | 农业系统术语
Subsistence farming – farming where the produce is mainly for the farmer's own family, with little surplus for sale. It is common in many rural areas of LEDCs.
生计农业——农产品主要供农民自家消费，极少有剩余出售。这在许多欠发达国家的农村地区常见。
Commercial farming – farming to produce crops or livestock for sale, usually on a large scale. Profit is the main driver.
商业农业——为出售而生产农作物或牲畜的农业，通常规模较大。利润是主要驱动力。
Irrigation – the artificial supply of water to farmland. It turns arid areas green but can cause salinisation if poorly managed.
灌溉——对农田的人工供水。它可使干旱地区变绿，但若管理不善会导致盐碱化。
Green Revolution – a period in the mid‑20th century when high‑yielding variety (HYV) seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and mechanisation greatly increased crop output. It transformed food production in many countries.
绿色革命——20世纪中期，高产品种种子、化肥、农药和机械化极大提高作物产出的时期。它改变了许多国家的粮食生产。
Soil erosion – removal of topsoil by wind or water, often worsened by deforestation or overgrazing. It reduces land fertility.
土壤侵蚀——风或水带走表土，往往因毁林或过度放牧而加剧。它降低土地肥力。
6. Industry & Economic Activity Terms | 工业与经济活动术语
| Term | Definition | 记忆要点 |
|---|---|---|
| Primary industry | Extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, mining, fishing. | 直接取之于自然 |
| Secondary industry | Manufacturing and processing, e.g. car assembly, textiles. | 把原料变成产品 |
| Tertiary industry | Providing services, e.g. retail, transport, education. | 提供服务而非实物 |
| Quaternary industry | Knowledge‑based services, e.g. IT, R&D, consultancy. | 高科技与智力服务 |
Deindustrialisation – the decline in the share of secondary industry in an economy, often seen in high‑income countries as they shift to services.
去工业化——第二产业在经济中所占份额下降，常见于高收入国家向服务业转型时。
Globalisation – the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, investment, migration and communication. It allows products to be designed in one country, made in another, and sold worldwide.
全球化——各国通过贸易、投资、移民和通讯日益相互联系。它使得产品可以在一国设计、另一国制造，并全球销售。
7. Natural Hazards & Climate Terms | 自然灾害与气候术语
Plate boundary – the margin where two tectonic plates meet. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along these boundaries.
板块边界——两个构造板块相遇的边缘。大多数地震和火山都发生在这些边界上。
Earthquake focus – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts. The epicentre is the point on the surface directly above it.
震源——地球内部地震破裂开始的点。震中是地面上直接位于其上方的点。
Tsunami – a series of giant sea waves usually triggered by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. They travel at high speed and can flood coastal lowlands.
海啸——通常由海底地震或火山喷发引发的一系列巨浪。它们传播速度极快，可淹没沿海低地。
Cyclone / hurricane / typhoon – intense tropical storms with strong winds and heavy rain. They are regionally named: cyclone in South Asia, hurricane in the Atlantic, typhoon in the northwest Pacific.
气旋 / 飓风 / 台风——伴有强风和暴雨的强热带风暴。它们因地而异名：南亚称气旋，大西洋称飓风，西北太平洋称台风。
Climate graph – a combined bar and line graph showing monthly average temperature (line) and precipitation (bars). It is a key tool for identifying climate types.
气候图——结合柱状和折线的图表，显示月平均气温（折线）和降水量（柱状）。它是识别气候类型的关键工具。
Enhanced greenhouse effect – the increase in Earth's natural greenhouse effect caused by human activities, especially burning fossil fuels and deforestation, leading to global warming.
增强的温室效应——由人类活动（特别是燃烧化石燃料和毁林）引起的地球自然温室效应的增强，导致全球变暖。
8. Memorisation Hacks & Revision Tips | 速记技巧与复习策略
Word‑association chains: Link a term to a vivid image—e.g. ‘meander’ sounds like ‘me‑ander‑ing’ slowly, which matches its shape. Create a mental picture of a snake winding across a floodplain.
词语联想链：把术语与生动图像联结——例如“meander”听起来像“慢悠悠地走”，符合其形状。在脑海中浮现一条蛇蜿蜒穿过洪泛平原的画面。
Tabulate opposites: Group contrasting terms such as erosion vs deposition, constructive vs destructive waves, primary vs quaternary industry. Tables force your brain to compare and strengthen memory pathways.
表格对比对立词：将侵蚀与堆积、建设性波浪与破坏性波浪、第一产业与第四产业等对立术语分组。表格迫使大脑比较，强化记忆链接。
Sketch‑label‑describe: Draw a simple labelled diagram of a waterfall, a spit or a population pyramid, then orally describe the feature in your own words. The triple‑coding (visual, verbal, kinesthetic) dramatically boosts retention.
画、标、说三部曲：画一幅带标签的简单示意图，如瀑布、沙嘴或人口金字塔，然后用自己的话口头描述该特征。三重编码（视觉、语言、动觉）能极大提升记忆保持。
Flashcard tri‑language drill: On one side write the term in English, on the other the definition in Chinese plus a quick sketch prompt. Test yourself until you can recall both directions instantly.
三语闪卡操练：闪卡一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义加一个快速草图提示。自测直到能瞬间双向回忆。
Daily ‘word weather’ routine: Pick five terms each morning. Throughout the day, relate real‑ ass movement; a rainy day → frontal rainfall. Contextual embedding makes vocabulary stick.
每日“词语天气”习惯：每天早晨选五个术语。在一天中，将现实中的新闻、照片或户外散步与这些术语联系起来。例如看到山坡→块体运动；雨天→锋面降雨。情境嵌入让词汇扎根。
Mnemonic for tectonic hazards: Remember ‘C‑S‑E‑F‑R’ for earthquake preparedness: Cover, Stand‑in‑doorway (or Drop‑Cover‑Hold), Evacuation route, First‑aid kit, Radio. Create similar chains for river management or coastal defences.
构造灾害助记：记住地震防备“C‑S‑E‑F‑R”：掩护、站门框处（或蹲下-掩护-抓牢）、疏散路线、急救包、无线电。为河流管理或海岸防护创建类似链条。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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