📚 Year 10 Cambridge Geography: Core Knowledge Review | 剑桥十年级地理核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your essential revision guide for Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Geography. This article summarises the core knowledge you need to master, from population dynamics to industrial systems. Each section highlights key concepts and case studies to help you prepare effectively and build confidence for your exams.
欢迎阅读剑桥十年级地理核心知识点复习指南。本文总结了从人口动态到工业体系等必须掌握的核心内容，每部分突出关键概念与案例研究，助你高效备考、建立信心。
1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population distribution describes how people are spread across an area. Densely populated regions often have fertile soils, reliable water supply, and economic opportunities, while sparse areas may be mountainous, extremely cold, or have poor soils.
人口分布描述人口在某个地区的散布情况。人口稠密区常具备肥沃土壤、可靠水源和经济机会，而人口稀疏区可能是山区、极寒地区或土壤贫瘠地带。
World population growth has accelerated due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and food production. The natural increase rate is calculated as birth rate minus death rate per 1000 people per year.
世界人口增长因医疗进步、卫生条件改善和粮食增产而加速。自然增长率按每年每千人出生人数减去死亡人数计算。
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes population change over time in five stages. Stage 1 has high fluctuating birth and death rates; Stage 2 sees a falling death rate leading to rapid growth; Stage 3 exhibits declining birth rates; Stage 4 has low birth and death rates with a stable or slowly increasing population; Stage 5 shows a very low birth rate falling below death rate, causing natural decrease.
人口转变模型（DTM）用五个阶段描述人口随时间的变化。第一阶段出生率和死亡率高且波动；第二阶段死亡率下降，人口快速增长；第三阶段出生率开始下降；第四阶段出生率和死亡率均低，人口稳定或缓慢增长；第五阶段出生率极低并低于死亡率，导致自然减少。
Population pyramids visually represent age and gender structure. A wide base indicates a high birth rate and youthful population typical of Stage 2 countries. A narrow base suggests an ageing population with low birth rates, common in Stage 4 or 5.
人口金字塔直观展示年龄与性别结构。底部宽表明高出生率和年轻型人口，常见于第二阶段国家。底部窄则表示老龄化与低出生率，多出现在第四或第五阶段。
Key case studies include China's anti-natalist one-child policy and Nigeria's pro-natalist policies, both designed to influence population growth.
重要案例包括中国的计划生育独生子女政策（鼓励减少生育）和尼日利亚的鼓励生育政策，两者均旨在影响人口增长。
2. Migration | 人口迁移
Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. Push factors drive people away from their origin, such as unemployment, natural hazards, or conflict. Pull factors attract people to destinations, such as better jobs, safety, or higher living standards.
迁移指人口从一个地方永久性或半永久性地移动到另一个地方。推力因素如失业、自然灾害或冲突促使人们离开原居地；拉力因素如更好的就业、安全环境或更高生活水平吸引人们前往目的地。
Internal migration occurs within a country, often from rural areas to cities, contributing to urbanisation. International migration involves crossing national borders. Forced migration includes refugees fleeing war or persecution, while voluntary migration is based on choice.
国内迁移发生在一国之内，常为农村向城市流动，促进城市化。国际迁移需跨越国界。强制迁移包括因战争或迫害逃离的难民，而自愿迁移则基于个人选择。
Consequences of migration affect both source and receiving areas. Source areas may lose younger workers and face an ageing population, but they can benefit from remittances. Receiving areas gain labour force and cultural diversity, but may experience pressure on housing and services.
迁移给来源地和接收地都带来影响。来源地可能流失年轻劳动力并面临老龄化，但可通过侨汇获益。接收地获得劳动力和文化多样性，但住房和公共服务可能承受压力。
A classic case study is Mexico–USA migration, where economic disparities and demand for labour pull Mexican workers northward, while push factors in Mexico include rural poverty and limited jobs.
经典案例是墨西哥-美国迁移，经济差距和对劳动力的需求将墨西哥工人拉向北方，而墨西哥方面的推力包括农村贫困和就业机会有限。
3. Settlement Patterns and Urbanisation | 聚落形态与城市化
A settlement is a place where people live. Settlement hierarchy ranks places by size and services, from isolated dwellings and hamlets to villages, towns, and cities. The higher the order, the more services and sphere of influence a settlement has.
聚落是人们居住的地方。聚落层级按规模和服务分为孤立住所、小村庄、村庄、城镇和城市。层级越高，服务越多，影响范围越大。
Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. This process is rapid in many developing countries due to rural-urban migration and natural increase. Developed countries urbanised earlier and are now experiencing counter-urbanisation, where people move to the countryside.
城市化指一国城市人口比例不断增长的过程。由于农村向城市迁移和自然增长，许多发展中国家城市化速度很快。发达国家较早完成城市化，如今正经历逆城市化，人们迁往乡间。
Urban land use models, such as the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model, explain how cities are organised. The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial core. Residential areas range from inner-city terraces to suburban detached houses.
城市土地利用模型，如伯吉斯的同心圆模型和霍伊特的扇形模型，解释了城市的组织方式。中心商务区（CBD）是商业核心，居住区从内城排屋延伸至郊区独立式住宅。
Urban problems include traffic congestion, pollution, inadequate housing leading to informal settlements (squatter settlements), and social inequality. Sustainable urban management strategies, such as improved public transport, green spaces, and slum upgrading, aim to create more liveable cities.
城市问题包括交通拥堵、污染、住房不足导致的非正规居住区（贫民窟）以及社会不平等。可持续城市管理策略，如改善公共交通、增加绿地和贫民窟改造，旨在建设更宜居的城市。
4. Plate Tectonics | 板块构造学说
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that float on the semi-molten mantle. Convection currents in the mantle drive plate movement. Plate boundaries are classified as constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision.
地壳被分割为漂浮在半熔融地幔上的构造板块。地幔对流驱动板块运动。板块边界分为建设型、破坏型、保守型和碰撞型。
At constructive (divergent) boundaries, plates move apart, and magma rises to form new crust. This occurs at mid-ocean ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, creating shallow earthquakes and gentle volcanic activity.
在建设型（分离型）边界，板块彼此远离，岩浆上升形成新地壳。这发生在大洋中脊，如大西洋中脊，产生浅源地震和温和的火山活动。
Destructive (convergent) boundaries involve an oceanic plate subducting beneath a continental plate. This generates powerful earthquakes and explosive composite volcanoes, with examples along the Pacific Ring of Fire, such as the Andes.
破坏型（汇聚型）边界中，大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下。这引发强烈地震和爆炸性复式火山，实例沿太平洋火环分布，如安第斯山脉。
Conservative boundaries occur where plates slide past each other. Friction builds up and is released as earthquakes, often severe, along faults like the San Andreas Fault in California.
保守型边界中，板块相互水平滑动。摩擦积累后以地震形式释放，常为强震，如加利福尼亚的圣安德烈亚斯断层。
Collision boundaries form when two continental plates meet, pushing up fold mountains such as the Himalayas. Earthquakes occur here, but volcanism is rare because there is no subduction.
碰撞型边界出现在两块大陆板块相遇时，推挤形成褶皱山脉，如喜马拉雅山脉。此处发生地震，但因无俯冲作用，火山活动少见。
5. Rivers and River Landforms | 河流与河流地貌
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. Key processes include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface run-off, and throughflow.
水文循环描述水在大气、陆地和海洋之间的持续运动。关键过程包括蒸发、凝结、降水、下渗、地表径流和壤中流。
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition. Fluvial erosion includes hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. A river's load is carried by traction, saltation, suspension, and solution.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用塑造地貌。河流侵蚀包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆和溶蚀。河流搬运物质的方式有推移、跃移、悬移和溶解。
In the upper course, steep gradients produce vertical erosion, forming V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, and gorges. A waterfall forms where a band of hard rock overlies softer rock, which is undercut to create a plunge pool.
上游段坡度陡，以向下侵蚀为主，形成V形谷、交错山嘴、瀑布和峡谷。瀑布形成于硬岩层覆盖软岩层之处，软岩被掏蚀产生跌水潭。
In the middle and lower courses, lateral erosion widens the valley. Meanders develop, and deposition builds floodplains and levees. An oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off from the main channel.
中下游段侧蚀拓宽河谷，发育曲流，堆积作用形成泛滥平原和天然堤。曲流被截断后脱离主河道形成牛轭湖。
River flooding occurs when discharge exceeds channel capacity. Flooding can be caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, deforestation, and urbanisation. River management includes hard engineering, such as dams and levees, and soft engineering, such as afforestation and land-use zoning.
河流流量超出河道容量时发生洪水。暴雨、融雪、毁林和城市化均可引发洪水。河流管理包括硬工程，如水坝和堤防，以及软工程，如植树造林和土地利用分区。
6. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸过程与地貌
Waves are the primary agent shaping coastlines, generated by wind. Constructive waves have a strong swash and deposit material, building up beaches. Destructive waves have a strong backwash and erode the coast.
波浪是塑造海岸线的主要营力，由风产生。建设性波浪冲流强，堆积物质形成海滩；破坏性波浪回流强，侵蚀海岸。
Coastal erosion processes include hydraulic action, abrasion (corrasion), attrition, and solution. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms result from erosion at the base of a cliff, causing collapse and retreat of the cliff line.
海岸侵蚀过程包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨圆和溶蚀。海蚀崖和海蚀平台源于崖底侵蚀，导致岩壁崩落，崖线后退。
Headlands and bays form along coastlines with alternating resistant and less resistant rock. Softer rock erodes more quickly to form bays, while harder rock persists as headlands. Further erosion can create caves, arches, stacks, and stumps.
岬角与海湾形成于软硬岩交替的海岸线上。软岩被较快侵蚀形成海湾，硬岩保留为岬角。进一步侵蚀可形成海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残桩。
Depositional landforms include beaches, spits, and bars. A spit is a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the shore into the sea, often curved by waves. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast and is essential for depositional features.
堆积地貌包括海滩、沙嘴和沙坝。沙嘴是由沙或砾石组成的狭长脊状地貌，从海岸伸向海中，常因波浪作用而弯曲。沿岸漂移使沉积物沿海岸运移，对堆积地貌形成至关重要。
Coastal management strategies protect against erosion and flooding. Hard engineering, such as sea walls and groynes, is often costly and can disrupt natural processes. Soft engineering, like beach nourishment and managed retreat, works with natural systems.
海岸管理策略用于防护侵蚀和洪水。硬工程，如海堤和丁坝，通常成本高昂且可能干扰自然过程。软工程，如沙滩补沙和有管理撤退，则与自然系统相协调。
7. Weather, Climate and Natural Vegetation | 天气·气候与自然植被
Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere, while climate is the average weather over a long period. Factors affecting climate include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and prevailing winds.
天气指大气的日际状况，气候是长时期的平均天气。影响气候的因子包括纬度、海拔、距海远近、洋流和盛行风。
The tropical rainforest climate is hot and wet all year, located near the equator. High temperatures and abundant rainfall support dense vegetation with distinct layers: emergents, canopy, understorey, and forest floor. Nutrient cycling is rapid because of high temperatures and humidity, though soils are often poor in nutrients due to leaching.
热带雨林气候终年高温多雨，分布在赤道附近。高温和丰沛降水支撑了层次分明的茂密植被：露生层、林冠层、林下层和地面层。高温潮湿使养分循环极快，但因淋溶作用强烈，土壤通常较为贫瘠。
Hot desert climates experience very low rainfall and high daily temperature ranges. Vegetation is sparse and adapted to aridity, with succulents like cacti storing water, and deep tap roots reaching groundwater. Soils are thin and lack organic matter.
热沙漠气候降水极少，日温差大。植被稀疏，适应干旱，如仙人掌等肉质植物储存水分，深根系获取地下水。土壤浅薄且缺乏有机质。
Ecosystems are communities of living organisms interacting with their environment. Food chains and food webs show feeding relationships. Producers (plants) convert sunlight energy; consumers eat other organisms; decomposers break down dead matter. Nutrient cycles and energy flows maintain the ecosystem.
生态系统是生物群落与其环境相互作用的体系。食物链和食物网显示摄食关系。生产者（植物）转化阳光能量；消费者以其他生物为食；分解者分解死物。营养物质循环和能量流动维持生态系统。
8. Food Production and Farming | 粮食生产与农业
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating land and raising livestock. Farming systems are classified by their inputs, processes, and outputs. Inputs include physical factors (climate, soil, relief) and human factors (labour, capital, technology). Processes involve activities such as ploughing, sowing, and harvesting. Outputs are the products.
农业是耕种土地和饲养牲畜的实践。农业系统按投入、过程和产出分类。投入包括自然因素（气候、土壤、地形）和人文因素（劳动力、资本、技术）。过程包括犁地、播种、收割等活动。产出即产品。
Subsistence farming produces enough food for the farmer's family, using simple tools and traditional methods, such as shifting cultivation in rainforest regions. Commercial farming operates on a large scale for sale and profit, using machinery and high levels of capital. Intensive farming uses large inputs of labour or capital on small areas to maximise yield, while extensive farming uses lower inputs over large areas.
自给农业生产足以供给农民家庭的食物，使用简单工具和传统方法，如雨林地区的游耕。商业农业大规模生产，以销售和盈利为目的，使用机械和高资本投入。集约农业在较小面积上投入大量劳动力或资本以最大化产量，粗放农业则在广阔面积上较低投入。
The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and irrigation to increase food production, especially in developing countries. While it boosted yields, it also caused environmental problems such as soil degradation and water pollution.
绿色革命引入高产种子（HYV）、化肥、农药和灌溉，提高了粮食产量，尤其在发展中国家。虽然提升了产量，但也造成了土壤退化和水污染等环境问题。
Food shortages and famine can result from physical factors like drought and pests, as well as human factors such as conflict, poor governance, and poverty. Case studies such as the Sahel region in Africa illustrate the combination of natural and human causes behind food insecurity.
粮食短缺和饥荒可能由干旱和病虫害等自然因素，以及冲突、治理不善和贫困等人文因素造成。非洲萨赫勒地区等案例说明粮食不安全背后自然与人为因素的叠加。
9. Industrial Systems and Development | 工业体系与发展
Industry classifies economic activity into four sectors: primary (extraction of raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), and quaternary (research and information). Employment structure changes with development: developing countries have a large primary sector, while developed countries rely more on tertiary and quaternary sectors.
工业将经济活动分为四个部门：第一产业（原材料开采）、第二产业（制造业）、第三产业（服务业）和第四产业（研究与信息处理）。就业结构随发展而变化：发展中国家第一产业占比大，发达国家则更多依靠第三和第四产业。
Factors influencing industrial location include access to raw materials, energy supply, labour, transport, markets, and government policy. Heavy industries, such as iron and steel, traditionally located near raw materials, while footloose industries (e.g. electronics) can locate almost anywhere.
影响工业区位的因素包括原材料获取、能源供应、劳动力、运输、市场以及政府政策。钢铁等重工业传统上靠近原材料地，而电子等自由选址工业几乎可设在任何地点。
Transnational corporations (TNCs) operate in multiple countries, such as Nike or Samsung. They bring investment, jobs, and technology to host countries but may also exploit labour, damage the environment, and repatriate profits. Globalisation has increased the influence of TNCs in the world economy.
跨国公司（TNCs）在多个国家运营，如耐克或三星。它们为所在国带来投资、就业和技术，但也可能剥削劳动力、破坏环境并将利润汇回。全球化增强了跨国公司在世界经济中的影响力。
Measures of development include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, the Human Development Index (HDI), literacy rate, and life expectancy. The north-south divide is a broad global pattern of wealth and development, though emerging economies are narrowing the gap.
衡量发展的指标包括人均国内生产总值（GDP）、人类发展指数（HDI）、识字率和预期寿命。南北分异是全球财富与发展的大致格局，不过新兴经济体正在缩小差距。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图