📚 Year 11 WJEC Geography: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 WJEC 地理：词汇术语速记指南
This vocabulary memorisation guide provides essential geographical terms for Year 11 WJEC students. Understanding key terminology is crucial for exam success, allowing you to interpret questions accurately and write concise, high-scoring answers. The following sections break down terms by topic, with clear definitions and practical memory aids to boost retention and confidence.
本词汇速记指南为 Year 11 WJEC 地理学生提供核心术语。掌握关键术语对考试成功至关重要，能够让你准确理解问题并写出简明的高分答案。以下部分按主题划分术语，附有清晰的定义和实用的记忆技巧，以增强记忆与信心。
Each term below is given in English with a Chinese gloss, a precise definition, and a memory hook you can recall under exam pressure. Use the guide in three passes: read it once for meaning, once for the memory hooks, and once as a self-test with the definitions covered.
下文每个术语都给出英文原词、中文释义、精确定义，以及一个能在考场压力下回想的记忆钩子。建议分三遍使用本指南：第一遍读含义，第二遍读记忆技巧，第三遍遮住定义做自测。
1. Why Vocabulary Decides Your Grade | 为什么词汇决定你的成绩
WJEC GCSE Geography mark schemes are built around precise terms. A question asking why a beach has grown may award marks for 'longshore drift', 'constructive wave' or 'deposition', but not for 'the sea moves sand along'. Learning vocabulary is therefore not extra work - it is how knowledge is converted directly into marks.
WJEC GCSE 地理的评分标准建立在精确术语之上。一道问"海滩为何变大"的题目，会给"longshore drift（沿岸漂流）""constructive wave（建设性波浪）""deposition（沉积）"加分，却不会给"海水把沙子搬过来"这类口语化表述加分。因此背术语不是额外任务，而是把知识直接转化为分数的途径。
Four practical reasons to put vocabulary first:
把词汇放在第一位的四个实际理由：
- Accurate interpretation: one unfamiliar word in a question can send an entire answer in the wrong direction.
- Concise answers: a single correct term replaces a long, vague sentence and saves writing time.
- Case-study depth: named processes and landforms make place-specific examples convincing.
- Fewer lost marks: examiners cannot award credit for meaning they cannot recognise.
- 准确理解题意：题干中一个不认识的词，就可能让整段答案跑偏方向。
- 答案简明：一个正确术语可以替代一整句含糊的长句，节省书写时间。
- 案例深度：写出被命名的过程与地貌，才能让具体地区的例子有说服力。
- 减少无谓失分：考官无法为"看不懂的表述"给分。
2. Coastal Processes: Longshore Drift | 海岸过程：沿岸漂流
Longshore Drift | 沿岸漂流
Longshore drift is the zigzag movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves striking the shore at an angle. The swash carries material obliquely up the beach, while the backwash drags it straight back down under gravity, producing a net lateral transfer of sand and pebbles.
沿岸漂流是由于波浪以一定角度冲击海岸，沉积物呈之字形沿岸移动的过程。冲流将物质斜向推上海滩，回流则在重力作用下垂直将其拖回，从而产生沙石向侧向的净转移。
Imagine a conveyor belt shifting material steadily along the shore. The result is that beaches are wider on the side towards which drift is travelling, and features such as spits and bars build up in the direction of the dominant drift.
想象一条传送带将沙粒稳定地沿岸搬运。其结果是：顺着漂流方向的一侧海滩更宽，而沙嘴、滨外沙坝等地貌也在主漂流方向上堆积形成。
Memory hook: swash = slant up, backwash = straight back. If you can draw the zigzag arrow, you can describe the process.
记忆技巧：swash 斜向上、backwash 直回落。只要你能画出之字形箭头，就能描述这一过程。
3. Coastal Erosion: Abrasion and Its Partners | 海岸侵蚀：磨蚀及其同伴
Abrasion | 磨蚀
Abrasion is the erosive process where rock fragments and sand carried by waves grind against the coastline, wearing it away like sandpaper. This 'sandpaper effect' scours cliffs and shore platforms, deepening cracks and shaping coastal features. Link it to 'abrasive' cleaning powders - rocks are literally being scrubbed away.
磨蚀是波浪携带的岩石碎屑和沙粒摩擦海岸线，如同砂纸般将其磨损的侵蚀过程。这种"砂纸效应"磨蚀悬崖与海蚀平台，使裂隙加深，塑造出海岸地貌。把它和"abrasive（研磨性的）"清洁粉联系起来——岩石确实是在被"刷"掉。
Three terms examiners expect alongside abrasion:
考官期望与磨蚀一同出现的三个术语：
- Hydraulic action - the force of waves compressing air in cracks, which explodes rock apart.
- Attrition - rocks carried by waves collide with each other and become smaller and rounder.
- Solution (corrosion) - mildly acidic seawater dissolves calcium carbonate in limestone and chalk.
- hydraulic action（水力作用）：波浪压迫裂隙中的空气，压力释放时把岩石炸裂。
- attrition（撞击磨蚀）：波浪搬运的砾石相互碰撞，变得越小越圆。
- solution / corrosion（溶蚀）：弱酸性海水溶解石灰岩与白垩中的碳酸钙。
| Process | 过程 | Key verb | 关键动词 | Evidence | 证据 |
| Abrasion | 磨蚀 | grinding | 研磨 | smooth cliff base | 崖底光滑 |
| Hydraulic action | 水力作用 | compressing | 压缩空气 | caves and blowholes | 海蚀洞与吹穴 |
| Attrition | 撞击磨蚀 | colliding | 相互碰撞 | rounded pebbles | 圆润砾石 |
| Solution | 溶蚀 | dissolving | 溶解 | clear green water | 清澈绿水 |
4. Waves and Coastal Landforms | 波浪与海岸地貌
Constructive wave | 建设性波浪 has a strong swash and weak backwash, so it builds up the beach with a gentle, low-energy profile. Destructive wave | 破坏性波浪 has a weak swash and strong backwash, so it removes sediment and leaves a steep, high-energy profile.
Constructive wave（建设性波浪）冲流强、回流弱，因而以平缓低能的形态堆积海滩。Destructive wave（破坏性波浪）冲流弱、回流强，因而带走沉积物，留下陡峭高能的剖面。
Fetch | 风区长度 is the distance of open water over which wind blows to generate waves: the greater the fetch, the larger and more powerful the waves. Discordant coast | 不整合海岸 runs at right angles to the rock strata, producing headlands and bays; a concordant coast | 整合海岸 runs parallel to the strata.
Fetch（风区长度）是风生成波浪所吹过的开阔水面距离：风区越长，波浪越大越有力。Discordant coast（不整合海岸）与岩层走向垂直，形成岬角与海湾；concordant coast（整合海岸）则与岩层走向平行。
draulic action and abrasion along a line of weakness such as a fault or joint. Depositional landforms include the spit, bar, tombolo and sand dune, all fed by longshore drift.
岬角上的地貌序列为：海蚀洞 → 海蚀拱 → 海蚀柱 → 海蚀墩，由沿断层、节理等薄弱线发生的水力作用与磨蚀形成。堆积地貌包括沙嘴、沙坝、连岛沙洲与沙丘，其物质均由沿岸漂流供给。
Hard engineering | 硬工程 (sea walls, groynes, rock armour) uses built structures; soft engineering | 软工程 (beach nourishment, dune regeneration, managed retreat) works with natural processes and is usually cheaper and more sustainable.
Hard engineering（硬工程）（海堤、丁坝、护岸石块）依靠人工建筑；soft engineering（软工程）（人工补沙、沙丘修复、退让管理）顺应自然过程，通常更便宜也更具可持续性。
5. River Processes and Landscapes | 河流过程与地貌
A drainage basin | 流域 is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, separated from neighbouring basins by a watershed | 分水岭. Water enters the system through interception, infiltration and surface run-off, then moves as throughflow or groundwater flow.
Drainage basin（流域）是河流及其支流所排水的陆地区域，与相邻流域以watershed（分水岭）相隔。水分通过interception（截留）、infiltration（下渗）与surface run-off（地表径流）进入系统，再以throughflow（壤中流）或groundwater flow（地下水流）方式移动。
River erosion uses the same four mechanisms as the coast: hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Transport is by traction (boulders rolled), saltation (pebbles bounced), suspension (fine sediment carried in the flow) and solution (dissolved load). Deposition happens when velocity falls.
河流侵蚀与海岸使用同样的四种机制：水力作用、磨蚀、撞击磨蚀与溶蚀。搬运方式有traction（推移）（砾石滚动）、saltation（跃移）（卵石跳跃）、suspension（悬移）（细颗粒随流携带）与solution（溶运）（溶解质）。流速下降时便发生沉积。
Key landforms and flood terms: meander | 曲流, oxbow lake | 牛轭湖, waterfall and gorge | 瀑布与峡谷, floodplain | 河漫滩, levee | 天然堤, discharge | 流量, lag time | 滞后时间, peak discharge | 峰值流量, rising limb | 涨水段 and recession limb | 退水段.
重要地貌与洪水术语：meander（曲流）、oxbow lake（牛轭湖）、waterfall and gorge（瀑布与峡谷）、floodplain（河漫滩）、levee（天然堤）、discharge（流量）、lag time（滞后时间）、peak discharge（峰值流量）、rising limb（涨水段）与recession limb（退水段）。
Storm hydrograph relationship:
风暴流量曲线关系式：
Lag time = Peak rainfall time → Peak discharge time
6. Glacial and Periglacial Terms | 冰川与冰缘术语
Glacial erosion happens by plucking | 拔蚀 (meltwater freezes onto rock and tears it away) and abrasion | 磨蚀 (debris embedded in the ice scours the bedrock). These two words also appear in coastal and river questions, so learn the mechanism, not just the label.
冰川侵蚀通过plucking（拔蚀）（融水在岩石表面冻结并将其撕下）与abrasion（磨蚀）（冰内碎屑刮磨基岩）发生。这两个词在海岸与河流题目中也会出现，所以要记机制而非只记名称。
Erosional landforms: corrie / cwm | 冰斗, tarn | 冰斗湖, arête | 刃脊, pyramidal peak | 角峰, U-shaped valley | U 形谷, hanging valley | 悬谷, truncated spur | 削断山嘴 and ribbon lake | 带状湖. Depositional landforms: till / boulder clay | 冰碛土, drumlin | 鼓丘, erratic | 漂砾, terminal moraine | 终碛, lateral moraine | 侧碛 and outwash plain | 冰水沉积平原.
侵蚀地貌：corrie / cwm（冰斗）、tarn（冰斗湖）、arête（刃脊）、pyramidal peak（角峰）、U-shaped valley（U 形谷）、hanging valley（悬谷）、truncated spur（削断山嘴）与ribbon lake（带状湖）。堆积地貌：till / boulder clay（冰碛土）、drumlin（鼓丘）、erratic（漂砾）、terminal moraine（终碛）、lateral moraine（侧碛）与outwash plain（冰水沉积平原）。
Memory hook: corries are armchair-shaped, arêtes are knife-edged, drumlins are baskets of eggs. A landscape image is easier to retrieve than a sentence.
记忆技巧：冰斗像扶手椅，刃脊像刀刃，鼓丘像一篮鸡蛋。图像比句子更容易被检索出来。
7. Tectonic Hazards Vocabulary | 构造灾害词汇
At a constructive (divergent) margin | 建设性/离散边界 plates move apart and magma rises; at a destructive (convergent) margin | 破坏性/汇聚边界 a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a continental plate in a process called subduction | 俯冲; at a conservative margin | 转换边界 plates slide past each other and earthquakes occur without volcanoes.
在constructive (divergent) margin（建设性/离散边界）板块张裂、岩浆上涌；在destructive (convergent) margin（破坏性/汇聚边界）密度较大的大洋板块被迫下插到大陆板块之下，这一过程称为subduction（俯冲）；在conservative margin（转换边界）板块相互错动，只发生地震而不发生火山活动。
Focus | 震源 is the point inside the Earth where the earthquake begins; the epicentre | 震中 is the point on the surface directly above it. Primary effects | 原生影响 happen immediately (buildings collapse, deaths); secondary effects | 次生影响 follow later (fires, disease, landslides, homelessness).
Focus（震源）是地震开始的地下位置；epicentre（震中）是震源正上方的地表点。Primary effects（原生影响）立即发生（建筑倒塌、人员死亡）；Secondary effects（次生影响）随后出现（火灾、疫病、滑坡、无家可归）。
Management vocabulary: prediction | 预测, monitoring | 监测, protection | 防护, planning | 规划, mitigation | 减缓, adaptation | 适应 and hazard risk | 灾害风险. Remember the relationship:
灾害管理术语：prediction（预测）、monitoring（监测）、protection（防护）、planning（规划）、mitigation（减缓）、adaptation（适应）与hazard risk（灾害风险）。记住这一关系式：
Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability ÷ Capacity to cope
8. Weather, Climate and Climate Change | 天气、气候与气候变化
Weather | 天气 is the short-term condition of the atmosphere over hours or days; climate | 气候 is the average pattern over 30 years or more. Never swap these two words in an exam answer.
Weather（天气）是数小时至数日的大气短时状态；climate（气候）是 30 年以上的平均状况。考试作答中绝不可混用这两个词。
Relief rainfall | 地形雨 forms when moist air is forced over hills and cools; frontal rainfall | 锋面雨 forms where warm and cold air masses meet; convectional rainfall | 对流雨 forms when intense heating causes rapid rising air. The prevailing wind | 盛行风 describes the direction wind usually blows from, and a depression | 低气压 brings unsettled, wet and windy weather.
Relief rainfall（地形雨）形成于湿空气被地形抬升并冷却时；frontal rainfall（锋面雨）形成于冷暖气团交汇处；convectional rainfall（对流雨）形成于强烈受热导致空气快速上升时。prevailing wind（盛行风）描述风的常见来向，depression（低气压）带来多变、多雨多风的天气。
Climate change terms: greenhouse gases | 温室气体, enhanced greenhouse effect | 增强温室效应, carbon footprint | 碳足迹, mitigation | 减缓 (reducing causes) and adaptation | 适应 (responding to effects). A useful formula for explaining causes:
气候变化术语：greenhouse gases（温室气体）、enhanced greenhouse effect（增强温室效应）、carbon footprint（碳足迹）、mitigation（减缓）（减少成因）与adaptation（适应）（应对影响）。解释成因时可用如下关系：
Human activity ↑ greenhouse gases ↑ global temperature ↑ sea level
9. Rural-Urban Links and Development | 城乡联系与发展
Urbanisation | 城市化 is the rising proportion of a population living in towns and cities, driven by rural-urban migration | 城乡迁移 and natural increase | 自然增长. Push factors | 推力因素 drive people away from rural areas; pull factors | 拉力
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