📚 Year 11 WJEC Psychology: Glossary & Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate revision companion for WJEC GCSE Psychology! This guide transforms key terms into memorable cues using acronyms, rhymes and vivid associations. We will walk through every major topic and equip you with ready-to-use tips that stick. By the end, you will recall definitions quickly and apply them confidently in your exam.
欢迎使用 WJEC GCSE 心理学终极复习伴侣！本指南利用首字母缩略、押韵和生动的联想，把关键术语变成难忘的线索。我们将逐一梳理每个重点主题，提供拿来就用的记忆诀窍。读完后，你不仅能快速回忆定义，还能在考试中自信地应用它们。
1. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
In WJEC psychology, research methods terms often trip students up because they sound similar. Let's nail down the core vocabulary with simple memory hooks.
在 WJEC 心理学中，研究方法术语听起来相似，经常让学生混淆。我们来用简单的记忆钩子钉牢这些核心词汇。
Independent Variable (IV) & Dependent Variable (DV): Think "I change the IV, and I measure the DV". The independent variable is what the researcher manipulates; the dependent variable is what is measured. To remember, picture the IV as the Input and the DV as the Data output.
自变量 (IV) 和因变量 (DV)：记住"我改变 IV，我测量 DV"。自变量是研究者操纵的变量，因变量是被测量的结果。把 IV 想象成输入，DV 想象成数据输出，就很容易记住。
Operationalisation: This tricky term means to define variables so they can be measured. Break it down: "operation" + "alise" – making it operational. Ask yourself: "How exactly will I operate this variable?" For example, 'memory' becomes 'number of words recalled correctly'.
操作化：这个拗口的术语是指将变量定义成可测量的形式。拆开看："operation" + "alise"——让它能操作起来。问自己："我到底如何操作这个变量？"比如，将'记忆力'操作化为'正确回忆的单词数'。
A quick comparison table can help you lock in IV, DV and controls:
一张对比表能帮你巩固 IV、DV 和控制变量：
| Concept | Memory Cue | 中文提示 |
|---|---|---|
| Independent Variable (IV) | I manipulate = I change | 我操纵的变量 |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | Depends on IV, Data Varies | 依赖 IV，数据会变化 |
| Extraneous Variable | Extra, unwanted variable that could creep in | 额外的、可能干扰的变量 |
| Confounding Variable | Confuses the results – changes with the IV | 混淆结果，随 IV 一起变化 |
| Standardisation | Same standard procedure for all | 对所有参与者采用统一标准程序 |
2. Memory Key Terms | 记忆关键术语
The memory topic is rich with vocabulary that describes how we take in, hold onto and use information. The E-S-R model is your backbone.
记忆这个主题包含大量描述我们如何摄入、储存和使用信息的词汇。E-S-R 模型是你的记忆骨架。
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval: Use the phrase "Every Smart Raven" – Entering info, Saving it, Recalling it. Encoding transforms sensory input, storage maintains it over time, and retrieval brings it back to mind. The raven image makes it visual and hard to forget.
编码、存储、提取：用"Every Smart Raven"记忆——Entering（录入信息）、Saving（储存）、Recalling（回忆）。编码将感觉输入进行转化，存储是随着时间保持，提取则是把它带回思维中。乌鸦的画面让记忆形象化，很难忘记。
Short-term memory (STM) capacity: Miller' ic number is 7 ± 2 items. Picture a phone number: you can hold about 7 chunks at once. The 'magic number' rhyme sticks: "Seven is heaven, plus or minus two."
短时记忆容量：米勒的神奇数字是 7 ± 2 个项目。想象一个电话号码：你能一次性记住大约 7 个组块。"神奇数字"用口诀记："七是天堂，上下差二也无妨。"
Rehearsal: This is like repeating a new friend's name to move it from STM to LTM. Think "re-hear-sal" – you re-hear it in your mind. Maintenance rehearsal is simple repetition; elaborative rehearsal is linking it to existing knowledge.
复述：这就像反复念新朋友的名字，把它从 STM 转入 LTM。想想"re-hear-sal"——你在脑中再次听到它。维持性复述是简单重复；精细复述则把它与已有知识关联起来。
Interference head). Retroactive interference = new blocks old (Retro = backward, new shoves old). Think "PRO-active = Past Ruins Over-new" and "RETRO-active = Recent Erases The Remote Old".
干扰：一种记忆阻碍另一种。前摄干扰 = 旧信息阻碍新信息（PROactive，过去的干扰前进的）。倒摄干扰 = 新信息阻碍旧信息（RETROactive，倒回去干扰）。记法："前摄=过去的搅黄新的"，"倒摄=新的抹去旧的"。
3. Perception & Sensation | 感知与感觉
Students often blur sensation and perception. Lock them apart with the brain-interpretation hook.
学生常常混淆感觉和知觉。用大脑解释的钩子把它们分开。
Sensation vs Perception: Sensation is the detection of physical energy by sense organs; perception is the brain's interpretation of those sensations. Think: "Sensation = Senses detect; Perception = brain processes." sation is raw data; perception gives it meaning, like turning blobs of colour into a face.
感觉与知觉：感觉是感觉器官对物理能量的探测；知觉是大脑对这些感觉的解读。记住："感觉就是感官探测，知觉就是大脑加工。"感觉是原始数据，知觉赋予它意义，就像把色块变成人脸。
Visual illusions: The Müller-Lyer illusion tricks us because of experience with corners and depth cues. Remember "Müller-Lyer = Lines Lying" – tart with L. The Ponzo illusion uses converging lines to create a false sense of distance. "Ponzo = Perspective tricks" – both start with P.
视错觉：缪勒-莱耶错觉之所以欺骗我们，是因为我们对拐角和深度线索的经验。记法："Müller-Lyer = Lines Lying"（线条在撒谎），两个关键词都以 L 开头。蓬佐错觉利用相交的线条制造错误的距离感。"Ponzo = Perspective tricks"（透视把戏），都以 P 开头。
Depth cues inear perspective and relative size. Binocular cues need two eyes, like retinal disparity. "ono = one, just like a monorail has one rail; Bino = two, like binoculars have two lenses."
深度线索：单眼线索靠一只眼，比如线条透视和相对大小。双眼线索需要两只眼，比如双眼视差。"Mono = 单一，就像独轨铁路只有一条轨道；Bino = 双，跟双筒望远镜有两个镜片一样。"
4. Development Psychology Terms | 发展心理学术语
Attachment and cognitive development are packed with names and stages. A simple phrase unlocks Piaget's sequence forever.
依恋和认知发展充满了人名和阶段。一个简单的句子可以永久解锁皮亚杰的顺序。
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11), Formal operational (11+). Remember "Some People Can't Fly" – Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational.
皮亚杰认知发展阶段：感知运动阶段(0-2岁)、前运算阶段(2-7岁)、具体运算阶段(7-11岁)、形式运算阶段(11岁以上)。用"Some People Can't Fly"记忆——分别对应四个阶段的英文首字母。
Assimilation & Accommodation similation is fitting new info into existing schemas, like calling all four-legged animals 'doggy' commodation is changing the schema to fit new info, like learning that a cat is not a dog. "Assimilation = Add to Same schema; Accommodation = Alter the schema."
同化与顺应：同化是把新信息纳入已有图式，比如把所有四条腿的动物都叫"狗狗"。顺应是改变图式以适应新信息，比如知道猫不是狗。"同化是塞入相同图式(Add to Same)，顺应是改变图式(Alter schema)。"
Attachment types (Ainsworth) Insecure-avoidant (ignores caregiver), Insecure-resistant (clingy yet angry). The mnemonic "SAIR" lso imagine: Secure = Safe base, Avoidant = Averts contact, Resistant = Rages but reaches.
依恋类型(安斯沃思)：安全型(探索愉快，容易安抚)、不安全-回避型(忽视看护者)、不安全-矛盾型(黏人又愤怒)。助记缩写 "SAIR"，再加上画面感：安全型有安全基地，回避型回避接触，矛盾型又闹又伸手。
5. Social Influence Vocabulary | 社会影响词汇
Conformity and obedience can blend together; distinguish them with agents and depth of change.
从众和服从容易混淆；用能动者和改变深度来区分它们。
Types of conformity: Compliance (public change, private disagreement), Identification (temporary change to fit a valued group), Internalisation (genuine public and private change). Use "C-I-I" and picture a seesaw: Compliance is surface, Identification is middle, Internalisation is deep. "Compliance is cheap, Identification is group glue, Internalisation becomes you."
从众类型：依从(公开改变、私下不同意)、认同(为融入重视的群体而暂时改变)、内化(公开和私下都真正改变)。用"C-I-I"和跷跷板来记：依从是表层，认同是中间，内化是深层。"依从是敷衍，认同是为了归属，内化变成你自己。"
Obedience & Agentic state d : Obedience is following direct orders. Milgram showed that people enter an agentic state, seeing themselves as an agent of authority. Remember "Agentic = I'm just an agent, not responsible." When you hear 'agentic', think of a secret agent following orders without questioning.
服从与代理状态：服从是遵循直接指令。米尔格拉姆表明人会进入代理状态，把自己视为权威的工具。"代理状态就是我只是个工具，不负责。"听到'agentic'，就想象一个不质疑命令的特工。
Authoritarian personality: Adorno's concept – type associated with strict upbringing and respect for authority. The alliteration helps: "Authoritarian personality = adores authority and adherence to rules." The three As anchor it.
权威主义人格：阿多诺的概念——与严厉教养和尊重权威相关的人格类型。头韵法帮助记忆："Authoritarian personality adores authority and adherence to rules."三个 A 将它锚定。
6. Biopsychology & Brain | 生物心理学与大脑
The nervous system and neurons are biological building blocks. Connect structure to function with crisp cues.
神经系统和神经元是生物学的基石。用简洁的线索将结构与功能连接起来。
Types of neuron : Sensory neurons carry messages from senses to CNS, motor neurons carry commands from CNS to muscles, relay neurons connect sensory and motor. "Sensory = Sense to Spine, Motor = Move from Spine, Relay = Right inside the brain/spine." The S-M-R order follows the reflex arc perfectly.
神经元类型：感觉神经元把信息从感官传到中枢神经系统，运动神经元把指令从中枢传到肌肉，联络神经 在感觉和运动神经元之间传递。"感觉=从感觉到脊柱，运动=从脊柱到运动，联络=在脑/脊髓内部接力。" S-M-R 顺序正好匹配反射弧。
Synaptic transmission: An electrical impulse triggers neurotransmitter release; neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron. Picture a key (neurotransmitter) fitting a lock (receptor). The mnemonic "SNAP" works: Synapse, Neurotransmitter, Action (release), Postsynaptic (binding).
突触传递：电信号触发神经递质释放；神经递质穿过突触间隙，与下一个神经元的受体结合。想象一把钥匙(神经递质)插进锁孔(受体)。助记缩写"SNAP"：Synapse, Neurotransmitter, Action(释放), Postsynaptic(结合)。
Autonomic nervous system branches: Sympathetic = fight or flight (stress), Parasympathetic = rest and digest (calm). "Sympathetic = Stress, both start with S. Parasympathetic = Peace, both start with P." When stressed, think "S for Survival"; when relaxed, think "P for Peaceful".
自主神经系统分支：交感神经系统 = 战斗或逃跑(应激)，副交感神经系统 = 休息和消化(平静)。"Sympathetic = Stress，都以 S 开头；Parasympathetic = Peace，都以 P 开头。"紧张时想"S代表生存"，放松时想"P代表平静"。
7. Psychological Problems | 心理问题术语
Depression and addiction terms appear frequently. Learn them through symptom clusters and acronyms.
抑郁和成瘾术语频繁出现。通过症状群和缩写来掌握它们。
Unipolar depression symptoms: Use the mnemonic "SAD CAGES" – Sleep disruption, Appetite change, Depressed mood, Concentration loss, Agitation or slowing, Guilt/worthlessness, Energy loss, Suicidal thoughts. Not every letter will be tested, but it covers the DSM-type criteria WJEC references.
单相抑郁症状：用缩写"SAD CAGES"记忆——睡眠紊乱、食欲变化、情绪低落、注意力减退、激越或迟缓、内疚/无价值感、精力丧失、自杀想法。不一定每个字母都考，但它涵盖了 WJEC 引用的诊断标准类症状。
Addiction: tolerance, withdrawal, dependence: Tolerance: needing more of a substance to get the same effect. "Tolerance = Takes more to feel it." Withdrawal: unpleasant symptoms when substance use stops. "Withdrawal = Without it, you feel awful." Dependence = a compulsion to keep taking the substance. The triple T-W-D chain is easy: "Take more, Without it sick, Desperate need."
成瘾：耐受、戒断、依赖：耐受是需要更大剂量才能达到同样效果。"耐受 = 加大用量才有感觉。"戒断是停止使用物质后出现的不适症状。"戒断 = 停药就难受。"依赖是不得不持续摄入的强迫行为。三个词 T-W-D 链很好记："加量才爽，停药就病，迫不急求。"
Biological vs psychological explanations logical points to neurotransmitters (low serotonin), while psychological may refer to Beck's negative triad or learned helplessness. Recall "Bio = body's chemicals, Psycho = thought patterns." This split is a core WJEC evaluative skill.
生物解释与心理解释：对抑郁来说，生物解释指向神经递质(低血清素)，心理解释可能会提到贝克的负性三元组或习得性无助。记住："Bio = 体内化学物质，Psycho = 思维模式。"这个区分是 WJEC 核心的评价技能。
8. Ethics in Psychology | 心理学伦理术语
Ethical guidelines protect participants. WJEC expects you to know them and apply to scenarios. A memorable acronym keeps them in order.
伦理准则保护被试。WJEC 希望你知道并应用于情境中。一个难忘的首字母缩写能让你有条不紊。
Ethical guidelines: DRIP P? – Use "DRIPP": Deception avoidance, Right to withdraw, Informed consent, Protection from harm, Privacy. Another version: "People Rarely Ignore Protecting Rights" – Privacy, Right to withdraw, Informed consent, Protection, Deception. Choose whichever sticks.
伦理准则缩写：Deception (避免欺骗)，Right to withdraw (退出权)，Informed consent (知情同意)，Protection from harm (免受伤害)，Privacy (隐私)。也可以用"People Rarely Ignore Protecting Rights"来记首字母。
Informed consent: Participants must know the aims and agree. A useful prompt: "Inform before you conform." For children under 16, parental consent is necessary.
知情同意：被试必须了解目的并同意。一句顺口溜："同意之前先知情。"对于未满 16 岁的未成年人，需要家长许可。
Right to withdraw: Participants can leave at any time, even during a study. Tell yourself: "Right to withdraw means I can walk out, no strings attached." This right must be stated clearly from the start.
退出权：被试可以在任何时候离开，即使在研究过程中。告诉自己："退出权意味着我可以随时走人，没有任何附加条件。"这一权利从一开始就必须明确说明。
9. General Memorisation Hacks | 通用速记技巧
Beyond term-specific tricks, equip yourself with techniques that work across the whole specification. Use them regularly to reinforce your glossary.
除了针对术语的技巧，还要掌握适用于整个考纲的技巧。经常使用它们来巩固词汇。
Acronyms and acrostics: As you have seen, creating a word or sentence from first letters makes recall automatic. Always make them silly or vivid – the brain remembers bizarre images better.
首字母缩略和句子：如你所见，用首字母组成一个单词或句子能让回忆自动化。一定要把它们编得滑稽或生动——大脑更容易记住古怪的画面。
The memory palace: Place terms along a familiar journey, like your home. For example, imagine 'operationalisation' in the kitchen because you 'operate' gadgets there, and 'synapse' in the hallway because messages pass through. Location anchors the word.
记忆宫殿：把术语放在熟悉的路线中，比如你的家。想象"操作化"在厨房，因为你在那里"操作"小工具；"突触"在走廊，因为信息在此传递。地点把词汇锚定下来。
Chunking and categorisation: Group terms by topic, as we did in this guide. Revise them in clusters (all research methods together, all memory together) so your brain builds a network rather than isolated facts.
组块和分类：按主题将术语分组，就像我们本指南所做的那样。以聚类的方式复习（所有研究方法一起，所有记忆一起），让大脑构建网络，而非孤立的事实。
Self-testing with flashcards: Put the term on one side and the mnemonic + definition on the other. After reading a section, immediately test yourself before moving on. Recall, don’t just reread.
用抽认卡自测：一面写术语，另一面写助记符号和定义。读完一节后，立即自测，再继续前进。要主动回忆，不要只是重读。
10. Exam Terminology Command Words | 考试指令词
WJEC exam questions rely on command words that tell you exactly how to answer. Misreading them costs marks. Drill these into your routine.
WJEC 考题依赖指令词，它明确告诉你怎么作答。误读会丢分。把它们训练成习惯。
Describe: Give a detailed account. "D for Detail." Don't explain why, just what. For example, "Describe the procedure of Milgram's study" – list steps, no evaluation.
描述(Describe)：给出详细的陈述。"D 代表详情。"不要解释原因，只讲是什么。例如，"描述米尔格拉姆研究的流程"——列出步骤，不做评价。
Explain: Say why or how something happens. "E for Elaborate with Reasons." You often need to link cause and effect. Use connecting words like 'because'.
解释(Explain)：说明某事发生的原因或过程。"E 代表用理由阐述。"通常需要关联因果。使用"因为"等连接词。
Evaluate: Weigh up strengths and weaknesses, make judgments. "Eve = Evidence and Value." Think of giving the value (pros) and the evidence against (cons). Often you'll use PEE (Point, Evidence, Evaluation) or PEEL.
评价(Evaluate)：权衡优缺点，做出判断。"Eve = 证据和价值。"想想给出价值(优点)和反面证据(缺点)。通常你会使用 PEE(观点-证据-评价)或 PEEL 结构。
Outline / Discuss: Outline means give a brief summary; Discuss often expects description plus evaluation. "Outline = Outer view only, Discuss = Deep dive with debate." Highlight the command word in the exam to set your brain into the right mode
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