📚 Year 10 Cambridge Economics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 剑桥经济学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Economics begins with speaking its language. For Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE students, the sheer volume of new terminology can feel overwhelming. This guide breaks down essential terms into logical clusters, equipping you with clever memory hooks, word origins, and real-world connections so you can learn faster, recall with confidence, and use the right vocabulary in your exams.
学好经济学，从掌握它的语言开始。对于 Year 10 剑桥 IGCSE 学生来说，大量新术语可能让人应接不暇。这篇指南将核心词汇分成清晰的模块，为你提供巧妙的记忆钩子、词源解析和生活化联想，帮助你更快学习、自信提取，并在考试中准确运用。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
The basic economic problem arises because resources are limited but human wants are unlimited. This creates scarcity, forcing us to make choices. Remember: 'SCARCITY' sounds like 'SCARCE CITY' – a city where everything is in short supply. Societies face three fundamental questions: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
基本经济问题的根源在于资源有限而人的欲望无限，这就产生了稀缺性，迫使我们做出选择。记住：'SCARCITY' 发音像 'SCARCE CITY' —— 一个什么都缺的城市。每个社会都必须回答三个基本问题：生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产。
2. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. Visualise it as the 'one that got away'. A handy trick: whenever you see 'cost' in Economics, ask yourself 'cost of what I gave up?'. If a government spends money on fighter jets, the opportunity cost might be the hospitals it did not build.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。你可以把它想象成"溜走的那个"。一个诀窍：在经济学中看到"成本"，就问自己"我放弃了什么的成本？"。如果政府把钱花在战斗机上，机会成本可能就是没建成的医院。
3. Factors of Production | 生产要素
There are four factors of production: Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools and machinery), and Enterprise (the risk-taker who combines the others). Use the mnemonic 'C.E.L.L.' – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour – but remember the 'C' stands for physical capital, not money.
生产要素有四种：土地（自然资源）、劳动（人力付出）、资本（人造工具与机械）和企业家精神（承担风险把其他要素组合起来的人）。用口决 'C.E.L.L.' 记忆——Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour，但注意 'C' 指实物资本，不是金钱。
4. Demand and the Law of Demand | 需求与需求定律
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time, ceteris paribus. The law of demand states that as price rises, quantity demanded falls (inverse relationship). Link 'D' for Demand with 'D' for Downward sloping curve. Crucially, a change in price causes a movement along the demand curve, while a change in any other factor (income, tastes, etc.) causes a shift of the curve.
需求是指在给定时期内、其他条件不变的情况下，消费者愿意且能够购买的商品或服务数量。需求定律指出：价格上升，需求量下降（反向关系）。把'D' 需求（Demand）和'D' 向下倾斜（Downward sloping）的曲线联系起来。关键区别：价格变化导致需求曲线上的移动，而其他因素（收入、偏好等）变化导致整条曲线的平移。
5. Supply and the Law of Supply | 供给与供给定律
Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices. The law of supply says price and quantity supplied have a direct relationship: higher price, higher quantity supplied. Picture 'S' for Supply as an upward Slope. A price change moves along the curve; changes in costs, technology or taxes shift the entire supply curve.
供给是指生产者在不同价格下愿意且能够出售的数量。供给定律表明价格与供给量呈正向关系：价格越高，供给量越大。想象 'S' 供给曲线向上倾斜（Slope）。价格变化沿曲线移动；成本、技术或税收的改变则导致整条供给曲线平移。
6. Market Equilibrium | 市场均衡
Equilibrium occurs where demand equals supply – there is no tendency for price to change. At prices below equilibrium, excess demand (shortage) pushes price up. At prices above equilibrium, excess supply (surplus) pushes price down. The Greek root 'equi-' means equal, helping you remember it is the balance point.
均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时——价格没有变化趋势。价格低于均衡水平时，出现超额需求（短缺），推动价格上升。价格高于均衡时，出现超额供给（过剩），推动价格下降。词根 'equi-' 意思是相等，帮你记住这就是平衡点。
7. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求的价格弹性
PED measures how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price. Formula: PED = % change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price. If PED > 1, demand is elastic (luxuries, substitutes). If PED < 1, demand is inelastic (necessities, addictive goods). Think of a stretchy rubber band: 'elastic' stretches a lot (quantity responds); 'inelastic' barely stretches.
PED 衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。公式：PED = 需求量变动百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比。PED > 1，需求富有弹性（奢侈品、有替代品）；PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性（必需品、成瘾品）。想象一根橡皮筋：'弹性' 拉得很长（数量反应大）；'缺乏弹性' 几乎拉不动。
8. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给的价格弹性
PES measures how responsive quantity supplied is to a price change. Key influences: time period, spare capacity, and storage ability. Remember 'S' for Supply and 'S' for Spare capacity – the more spare capacity a firm has, the more elastic its supply. Agricultural goods often have inelastic supply in the short run because crops take time to grow.
PES 衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。主要影响因素：时间长短、闲置产能和储存能力。记住 'S'：供给（Supply）和闲置产能（Spare capacity）——企业闲置产能越大，供给越有弹性。农产品在短期内往往供给缺乏弹性，因为作物生长需要时间。
9. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Market failure occurs when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Key types include externalities (spillover effects on third parties), public goods (non-excludable and non-rivalrous), and information gaps. Picture a factory smoke cloud spilling over into a neighbourhood – that negative externality is a 'failure' of the market.
市场失灵指自由市场未能有效配置资源。主要类型包括外部性（对第三方的溢出效应）、公共物品（非排他性、非竞争性）和信息不对称。想象工厂的烟尘飘进附近社区——这种负外部性就是市场的"失灵"。
10. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Governments intervene to correct market failure using taxation (to reduce negative externalities), subsidies (to encourage positive externalities), regulation, and price controls (maximum or minimum prices). Think of taxes as a 'negative nudge' and subsidies as a 'positive pull' – both aim to steer behaviour closer to the social optimum.
政府通过税收（减少负外部性）、补贴（鼓励正外部性）、法规和价格管制（最高或最低限价）来纠正市场失灵。把税收看作一种"负向推动"，补贴看作"正向拉动"——两者都旨在把行为引向社会最优水平。
11. Macroeconomics Essentials | 宏观经济学基础
Macroeconomics studies the whole economy. Core terms: GDP (total value of output), inflation (sustained rise in general price level), unemployment, and economic growth. Use the 'BIG FOUR' acronym to recall them quickly. Remember: 'FLATION' in inflation makes prices 'float' upward; 'UN' in unemployment signals a negative condition.
宏观经济学研究整体经济。核心术语：GDP（国内生产总值）、通货膨胀（物价总水平持续上涨）、失业和经济增长。用"四大"口诀快速回忆。记住：inflation 里的 'FLATION' 让物价向上'浮'动；unemployment 里的 'UN' 暗示了负面的状况。
12. International Trade and Specialisation | 国际贸易与专业化
Countries trade because of specialisation and comparative advantage – the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country. Think of it as 'do what you do best and trade for the rest'. Key terms: free trade, protectionism (tariffs, quotas, subsidies), and exchange rates. A tariff is a tax on imports – just like a 'toll' at the border.
各国进行贸易是因为专业化和比较优势——以低于另一国的机会成本生产某种商品的能力。把它想成"做你最擅长的，其他的靠交换"。核心术语：自由贸易、保护主义（关税、配额、补贴）和汇率。关税就是对进口商品征的税——就像边境上的"过路费"。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图