📚 Year 11 WJEC Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 11年级WJEC科学:公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together the essential formulas, theorems and key equations you need for Year 11 WJEC Science. Covering physics, chemistry and biology, each section explains what the formula means, the units involved, and provides a worked example to boost your exam confidence. Use it as a last‑minute revision aid or a daily study companion.
本速查手册汇集了11年级WJEC科学考试所需的核心公式、定理和关键方程。内容涵盖物理、化学和生物,每个部分都解释了公式的含义、涉及的计量单位,并提供计算示例,帮助你在考试中树立信心。你可以将其作为考前冲刺的复习利器,也可作为日常学习的伴侣。
1. Speed and Distance-Time Graphs | 速度与距离-时间图
etres per second (m/s), d is distance travelled in metres (m), and t is time taken in seconds (s).
速度是衡量物体运动快慢的物理量。计算公式为:v = d / t,其中 v 为速度(米/秒),d 为行驶距离(米),t 为所用时间(秒)。
On a distance‑time graph, distance is plotted on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. The gradient of the line represents the speed. A horizontal line tells you the object is stationary, while a steeper gradient means a higher speed. A curved line indicates that the speed is changing – either acceleration or deceleration.
在距离‑时间图中,纵轴表示距离,横轴表示时间。图线的斜率代表速度。水平线表示物体静止,斜率越陡速度越快。曲线则表明速度正在变化——要么是加速,要么是减速。
Worked example: A bus travels 150 m in 10 s. Speed = 150 m ÷ 10 s = 15 m/s.
计算示例:一辆公交车在10秒内行驶了150米。速度 = 150米 ÷ 10秒 = 15米/秒。
| Symbol | Quantity (English / 中文) | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|
| v | speed / 速度 | m/s (米/秒) |
| d | distance / 距离 | m (米) |
| t | time / 时间 | s (秒) |
2. Acceleration | 加速度
ange in velocity (final velocity v minus initial velocity u) and t is the time taken. The unit of acceleration is metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度描述物体速度变化的快慢。公式为 a = Δv / t,其中 Δv 是速度变化量(末速度 v 减去初速度 u),t 是所用时间。加速度单位是米每二次方秒(m/s²)。
Sometimes the formula is written as a = (v – u) / t. If the final speed is less than the initial speed, the acceleration is negative – this is deceleration or retardation.
有时公式也写成 a = (v – u) / t。如果末速度小于初速度,加速度为负——这就是减速或负加速度。
On a velocity‑time graph, the gradient gives the acceleration. The area under the graph represents the distance travelled. A horizontal line indicates constant speed, a sloping line shows uniform acceleration, and a curve shows changing acceleration.
在速度‑时间图中,斜率表示加速度。图线下方的面积代表行驶的距离。水平线表示匀速,斜线表示匀加速,曲线则表明加速度在变化。
Worked example: A car speeds up from 5 m/s to 20 m/s in 3 seconds. Acceleration = (20 – 5) m/s ÷ 3 s = 15 ÷ 3 = 5 m/s².
计算示例:一辆汽车在3秒内从5米/秒加速到20米/秒。加速度 = (20 – 5)米/秒 ÷ 3秒 = 15 ÷ 3 = 5米/秒²。
3. Newton's Second Law of Motion | 牛顿第二运动定律
ce is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg), and acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²).
牛顿第二定律指出,作用在物体上的合力等于物体的质量乘以它的加速度:F = m × a。力的单位是牛顿(N),质量单位是千克(kg),加速度单位是米每二次方秒(m/s²)。
A larger force produces a larger acceleration, provided the mass remains constant. If the mass increases, the same force will produce a smaller acceleration – this illustrates the concept of inertia.
在质量不变的情况下,更大的力会产生更大的加速度。如果质量增加,同样的力产生的加速度会变小——这体现了惯性的概念。
of 10 N acts on a trolley of mass 2 kg. The acceleration is F ÷ m = 10 N ÷ 2 kg = 5 m/s².
计算示例:一个10牛顿的力作用在质量为2千克的小车上。加速度 = F ÷ m = 10 牛 ÷ 2 千克 = 5 米/秒²。
4. Weight and Gravitational Field Strength | 重量与重力场强度
g, where m is the mass (kg) and g is the gravitational field strength. On Earth, g is approximately 9.8 N/kg (often taken as 10 N/kg for quick estimates). Weight is measured in newtons (N).
重量是作用于物体上的重力。计算公式为 W = m × g,其中 m 是质量(千克),g 是重力场强度。在地球上,g 约为9.8牛/千克(快速估算时常取10牛/千克)。重量的单位是牛顿(N)。
It is important not to confuse weight and mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object and does not change with location; weight depends on the gravitational pull and can vary on different planets.
注意不要混淆重量和质量。质量是物体所含物质的多少,不随位置改变;重量取决于引力大小,在不同行星上会发生变化。
× 10 = 800 N. On the Moon, where g ≈ 1.6 N/kg, her weight would be only 80 × 1.6 = 128 N.
计算示例:一名宇航员的质量为80千克。她在地球上的重量(g取10牛/千克)为 80 × 10 = 800牛。在月球上,g约为1.6牛/千克,她的重量仅为 80 × 1.6 = 128牛。
5. Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy | 动能与重力势能
= ½ m v², where m is the mass (kg) and v is the speed (m/s). KE is measured in joules (J).
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。公式为 KE = ½ m v²,其中 m 为质量(千克),v 为速度(米/秒)。动能的单位是焦耳(J)。
s GPE = m g h, where h is the height (m) and g is the gravitational field strength (N/kg).
重力势能是由于物体被举高而储存的能量。公式为 GPE = m g h,其中 h 为高度(米),g 为重力场强度(牛/千克)。
When an object falls, GPE is converted into KE. In the absence of air resistance, the total mechanical energy remains constant – a demonstration of the conservation of energy.
当物体下落时,重力势能转化为动能。在没有空气阻力的情况下,总机械能保持不变,这体现了能量守恒定律。
g the ground, so KE = 100 J. The speed can be found from 100 = ½ × 2 × v², giving v = 10 m/s.
计算示例:一个2千克的球从5米高处落下(g取10牛/千克)。失去的重力势能 = m g h = 2 × 10 × 5 = 100焦。这部分能量在落地前全部转化为动能,因此动能 = 100焦。由 100 = ½ × 2 × v² 可解得速度 v = 10米/秒。
6. Work Done and Power | 功与功率
, where F is the force applied (N) and d is the distance moved in the direction of the force (m). Work is also measured in joules (J).
功量度的是力所传递的能量。公式为 W = F × d,其中 F 是施加的力(牛顿),d 是沿力的方向移动的距离(米)。功的单位也是焦耳(J)。
ork done ÷ time taken, or P = E / t. The unit of power is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率是做功或传递能量的速率。功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间,即 P = E / t。功率的单位是瓦特(W),1瓦 = 1焦/秒。
expressed as a percentage: Efficiency = (Useful output energy ÷ Total input energy) × 100%.
效率可用有用输出能量除以总输入能量来计算,通常以百分比表示:效率 = (有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量) × 100%。
seful work, but it consumes 800 J of electrical energy. Its efficiency = (600 / 800) × 100% = 75%.
计算示例:一台电动机提升重物,做了600焦的有用功,但却消耗了800焦电能。其效率 = (600 / 800) × 100% = 75%。
7. Ohm's Law and Resistance | 欧姆定律与电阻
ts resistance: V = I × R. V is measured in volts (V), I in amperes (A), and R in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律给出了导体两端的电势差(电压)、通过导体的电流及其电阻之间的关系:V = I × R。V 的单位是伏特(V),I 的单位是安培(A),R 的单位是欧姆(Ω)。
Resistance measures how much a component opposes the flow of current. For a given component, if the resistance is constant, doubling the voltage will double the current. Components that obey Ohm’s Law have a constant resistance at constant temperature.
电阻衡量的是元件对电流阻碍作用的大小。对于给定元件,如果电阻不变,电压加倍则电流加倍。遵守欧姆定律的元件在恒温下具有恒定电阻。
ough it when connected to a 6 V supply. Its resistance is R = V / I = 6 V ÷ 0.25 A = 24 Ω.
计算示例:一个灯泡接在6伏电源上时,通过它的电流为0.25安。其电阻 R = V / I = 6伏 ÷ 0.25安 = 24欧。
8. Electrical Power and Energy Transfer | 电功率与能量转移
o key formulas are: P = I × V and P = E / t. Combining them, the energy transferred can be
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