📚 Year 10 Cambridge Science Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 剑桥科学核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your complete Year 10 Cambridge Science revision guide. This article brings together the most frequently examined topics from Biology, Chemistry, and Physics at the IGCSE level. Whether you are preparing for end-of-year tests or building a strong foundation for Year 11, these core concepts will help you revise efficiently and think like a scientist.
欢迎阅读 Year 10 剑桥科学综合复习指南。本文汇集了 IGCSE 阶段生物、化学和物理中最常考察的知识点。无论你是在准备年终考试，还是为 Year 11 打下坚实基础，这些核心概念都将帮助你高效复习、用科学的方式思考问题。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞的结构与功能
All living organisms are made of cells. You need to know the structures of both plant and animal cells, and be able to identify organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and – in plants – the cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large permanent vacuole. The nucleus controls cell activities, the mitochondria release energy through aerobic respiration, and ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.
所有生命体都由细胞组成。你需要掌握植物细胞和动物细胞的结构，并能识别细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体等细胞器，植物细胞还应包括细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡。细胞核控制细胞活动，线粒体通过有氧呼吸释放能量，核糖体进行蛋白质合成。
Magnification calculations are essential: magnification = image size ÷ actual size. You must be able to use this formula and convert between millimetres, micrometres and nanometres. Also revise specialised cells like red blood cells, root hair cells, ciliated cells and sperm cells – each adapted to its function.
放大倍数的计算是重要考点：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。你必须能运用该公式，并在毫米、微米和纳米之间进行单位换算。同时复习特化细胞，如红血细胞、根毛细胞、纤毛细胞和精子细胞，它们各自具有适应其功能的形态特征。
2. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are the three main biological molecules. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides made of glucose; proteins are made of amino acids; lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol. Food tests include iodine solution for starch (blue–black), Biuret reagent for proteins (purple), Benedict’s solution for reducing sugars (brick-red on heating), and ethanol emulsion for fats (cloudy white).
糖类、蛋白质和脂质是三大类生物分子。淀粉和糖原是由葡萄糖组成的多糖；蛋白质由氨基酸构成；脂质则由脂肪酸和甘油组成。食物检验包括：碘液检测淀粉（呈蓝黑色），双缩脲试剂检测蛋白质（呈紫色），本尼迪特溶液检测还原糖（加热后呈砖红色），乙醇乳浊液检测脂肪（呈乳白色）。
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy. They are specific to their substrates and are affected by temperature and pH. Key examples: amylase breaks down starch into maltose; catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. A denatured enzyme has lost its shape and can no longer function.
酶是起生物催化剂作用的蛋白质，它们能降低反应所需的活化能。酶对其底物具有专一性，并受温度和 pH 影响。典型实例：淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；过氧化氢酶将过氧化氢分解为水和氧气。失活的酶形状改变，无法再发挥催化功能。
3. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应
The nervous system uses electrical impulses carried by neurones. A reflex arc includes a receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone in the spinal cord, motor neurone, and an effector. Synapses between neurones use chemical neurotransmitters to pass signals. The endocrine system uses hormones, which are slower but longer-lasting. For example, adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels.
神经系统利用神经元传递电信号。反射弧包括感受器、感觉神经元、脊髓中的中间神经元、运动神经元和效应器。神经元之间的突触利用化学神经递质传递信号。内分泌系统使用激素，作用较慢但持续时间更长。例如，肾上腺素通过提高心率和血糖水平，帮助身体做好“战斗或逃跑”的准备。
In plants, tropisms are directional growth responses. Phototropism (response to light) and geotropism (response to gravity) are controlled by the plant hormone auxin, which causes cell elongation on the shaded side in shoots, resulting in bending towards light.
在植物中，向性是定向生长反应。向光性和向地性受植物生长素控制，生长素使背光侧细胞伸长，导致茎向光弯曲。
4. Inheritance | 遗传
nett squares, and understand terms like homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype. For example, in a cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt × Tt), the expected phenotypic ratio is 3 tall : 1 short.
基因是编码蛋白质的 DNA 片段。等位基因是同一基因的不同形式。你必须能用庞纳特方格绘制单基因杂交遗传图，并理解纯合、杂合、显性、隐性、基因型和表现型等术语。例如，两个杂合高茎豌豆植株（Tt × Tt）杂交，预期的表现型比例是 3 高 : 1 矮。
Sex determination in humans involves X and Y chromosomes: females are XX, males are XY. A genetic diagram shows that there is a 50% chance of a child being male. Continuous variation (e.g., height) is controlled by many genes and environment, while discontinuous variation (e.g., blood groups) is controlled by a single gene.
人类性别由 X 和 Y 染色体决定：女性为 XX，男性为 XY。遗传图解表明，孩子是男性的概率为 50%。连续变异（如身高）受多基因与环境影响，不连续变异（如血型）通常由单基因决定。
5. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons have a relative charge of +1, electrons –1, and neutrons have no charge. The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons; the mass number (A) is the total of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
原子由质子、中子和电子构成。质子相对电荷为 +1，电子为 –1，中子不带电。原子序数（Z）等于质子数；质量数（A）为质子数与中子数之和。同位素是具有相同质子数但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。
The Periodic Table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements are placed in periods (rows) and groups (columns). Group I elements are the alkali metals (reactive, 1 outer electron), Group VII are halogens (reactive non-metals, 7 outer electrons), and Group 0 are noble gases (unreactive, full outer shells). The electronic configuration 2.8.1 describes sodium, which is in Group 1 and Period 3.
周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。元素排成周期（横行）和族（纵列）。第 I 族是碱金属（性质活泼，最外层 1 个电子），第 VII 族是卤素（活泼非金属，最外层 7 个电子），第 0 族是稀有气体（不活泼，最外电子层全充满）。电子排布 2.8.1 描述的是钠，位于第 1 族、第 3 周期。
6. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred to form positive and negative ions. The giant ionic lattice has strong electrostatic forces, giving ionic compounds high melting points and the ability to conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Sodium chloride (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) is a classic example.
离子键形成于金属与非金属之间，通过电子转移形成阳离子和阴离子。离子晶体是巨大的离子晶格，具有强静电引力，因此离子化合物熔点高，在熔融或水溶液状态下可导电。氯化钠（Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻）是典型例子。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures like diamond and silicon dioxide have very high melting points; graphite conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons between layers.
共价键涉及非金属原子间共用电子对。简单分子物质如 H₂O、CO₂ 和 CH₄ 熔点较低，不导电。金刚石和二氧化硅等巨型共价结构具有极高熔点；石墨因层间存在自由移动的电子而能导电。
7. Stoichiometry and Moles | 化学计量与摩尔
articles. The molar mass (Mᵣ) is the mass of one mole in grams. The amount (in moles) is calculated using n = mass ÷ Mᵣ. You must be able to calculate empirical and molecular formulas from percentage composition data.
摩尔概念是定量化学的基石。1 摩尔任何物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒。摩尔质量（Mᵣ）是 1 摩尔物质的质量，以克为单位。物质的量（摩尔）使用公式 n = 质量 ÷ Mᵣ 计算。你必须能从元素百分比组成计算经验式和分子式。
24 dm³/mol. So, n = volume ÷ 24 dm³. Limiting reactants and percentage yield calculations are also common exam topics.
利用配平的化学方程式，可以计算参与反应的质量和体积。在室温和常压（r.t.p.）下，气体的摩尔体积为 24 dm³/mol。因此，n = 气体体积 ÷ 24 dm³。限量反应物和产率百分数计算也是常见考点。
8. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Bases neutralise acids and include metal oxides and hydroxides. Alkalis are soluble bases that release OH⁻ ions in water. The pH scale (0–14) measures acidity, with universal indicator giving red in strong acids, green in neutral, and purple in strong alkalis.
酸是溶于水后释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。常见酸包括盐酸、硫酸和硝酸。碱能中和酸，包括金属氧化物和氢氧化物。可溶的碱叫碱溶液，在水中释放 OH⁻ 离子。pH 标度（0–14）衡量酸碱度，通用指示剂在强酸中呈红色，中性呈绿色，强碱中呈紫色。
Neutralisation reactions produce a salt and water: acid + base → salt + water. Titration is used to determine unknown concentrations. The formula C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ helps calculate concentration or volume. Salts can be prepared through reactions of acids with metals, carbonates, or insoluble bases, followed by crystallisation.
中和反应生成盐和水：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。滴定法用来测定未知浓度。公式 C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ 可计算浓度或体积。盐可通过酸与金属、碳酸盐或不溶性碱反应，再经结晶获得。
9. Energy Changes in Reactions | 化学反应中的能量变化
Exothermic reactions release heat energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. Examples include combustion, neutralisation, and respiration. Endothermic reactions absorb heat, such as photosynthesis and thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. Energy level diagrams show reactants and products with the energy change (ΔH) indicated; ΔH is negative for exothermic and positive for endothermic reactions.
放热反应向环境释放热量，导致温度升高，例如燃烧、中合和呼吸作用。吸热反应吸收热量，如光合作用和碳酸钙的热分解。能级图显示反应物和生成物的能量变化（ΔH）；放热反应的 ΔH 为负，吸热反应的 ΔH 为正。
gies. For example, in the reaction H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl, you sum the energy required to break H–H and Cl–Cl bonds and subtract the energy released forming H–Cl bonds.
断裂化学键吸热，形成化学键放热。你可以利用平均键能计算总能量变化。例如，在反应 H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl 中，需要断裂 H–H 和 Cl–Cl 键需要能量，然后减去生成 H–Cl 键所释放的能量。
10. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Speed, velocity and acceleration are key motion quantities. Use the equations: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², and v² = u² + 2as. The gradient of a distance–time graph gives speed; the gradient of a velocity–time graph gives acceleration, and the area under it gives displacement. Remember that velocity is a vector with both magnitude and direction.
速率、速度和加速度是关键的运动的量。需要使用方程：v = u + at、s = ut + ½at² 和 v² = u² + 2as。距离 – 时间图的斜率表示速率；速度 – 时间图的斜率表示加速度，其下的面积表示位移。记住速度是既有大小又有方向的矢量。
Newton’s Second Law states F = ma. When resultant force is zero, the object is either stationary or moving at constant velocity (Newton’s First Law). Weight is the force due to gravity: W = mg and air resistance act in the opposite direction to motion. Terminal velocity is reached when weight equals air resistance.
牛顿第二定律指出 F = ma。当合力为零时，物体静止或匀速运动（牛顿第一定律）。重量是由引力产生的力：W = mg，地球上 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。摩擦力和空气阻力方向与运动方向相反。当重力等于空气阻力时，物体达到终端速度。
11. Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g., light, water ripples) oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, while longitudinal waves (e.g., sound) oscillate parallel. Key terms: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period. The wave equation is v = f λ (speed = frequency × wavelength).
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（如光、水波）的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直，纵波（如声波）的振动方向与传播方向平行。关键术语：振幅、波长、频率、周期。波动方程为 v = f λ（波速 = 频率 × 波长）。
asing frequency) includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X‑rays and gamma rays. All travel at 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. Use E = hf (where h is Planck’s constant) to see that higher frequency means higher energy. Applications: radio (communication), microwaves (cooking), infrared (thermal imaging), X‑rays (medical imaging), gamma rays (cancer treatment).
电磁波谱按频率递增顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。它们都以 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s 的速度在真空中传播。使用 E = hf（h 为普朗克常数）可知频率越高能量越大。应用：无线电（通信）、微波（烹饪）、红外线（热成像）、X 射线（医学成像）、伽马射线（放射治疗）。
12. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere; in parallel, current is shared. Voltage (V) or potential difference is the energy per unit charge. Resistance (R) is measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s Law states V = IR for a conductor at constant temperature. Power (P) is given by P = IV and also P = I²R.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。串联电路中电流处处相等；并联电路中电流被分流。电压（V）即电势差，是每单位电荷的能量。电阻（R）以欧姆（Ω）为单位。欧姆定律指出，在温度不变的条件下，对导体有 V = IR。电功率（P）可通过 P = IV 和 P = I²R 计算。
Component characteristics are essential: a fixed resistor has a straight-line I– ode only allows current in one direction. Series circuits: total resistance Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + … ; parallel circuits: 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … . Always consider the polarity and safe use of electrical equipment.
各元件的特性曲线很重要：固定电阻的 I–V 图为一条直线；灯丝的 I–V 图弯曲，因其电阻随温度升高而增大；二极管只允许单向电流。串联电路总电阻：Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + … ；并联电路：1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … 。始终注意电源极性并安全使用电器。
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