📚 Year 10 Cambridge Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology in Year 10 often feels like learning a new language. This guide breaks down the essential Cambridge IGCSE terminology with proven memorisation tricks, so you can recall definitions quickly and accurately in your exams.
掌握十年级生物往往像是在学习一门新语言。本指南为你拆解剑桥IGCSE必考的术语，并提供经过验证的速记技巧，帮助你在考试中快速、准确地回忆定义。
1. Decoding Biology with Prefixes, Suffixes & Roots | 用词根词缀解码生物术语
Biology udy of living organisms. Understanding the building blocks of scientific words saves immense memorisation effort.
生物学（bio- = 生命，-logy = …学）：研究生物体的科学。理解科学词汇的构词单元可以极大地节省记忆精力。
Photo- (light): Seen in 'photosynthesis,' meaning putting together with light. This immediately tells you the process requires light.
Photo-（光）：出现在“光合作用”中，意为用光来合成。这立刻就告诉你该过程需要光。
Hetero- / Auto- (different / self): Heterotrophs obtain food by eating others; autotrophs make their own food. Simply split the word to recall.
Hetero- / Auto-（不同的 / 自身的）：异养生物通过进食获取食物；自养生物自己制造食物。把词拆开就能记住。
-lysis (break down): Hydrolysis breaks molecules using water. Think of 'lysis' as splitting or loosening.
-lysis（分解）：水解用水来分解分子。把“lysis”联想成“裂解”。
-synthesis (building up): Photosynthesis builds glucose. The opposite of lysis is building.
-synthesis（合成）：光合作用合成葡萄糖。与分解相反的是构建。
Cyt- / Cyto- (cell): Cytoplasm (cell fluid), cytokinesis (cell division). Anchoring 'cyto' to 'cell' clarifies many terms.
Cyt- / Cyto-（细胞）：细胞质（细胞液）、胞质分裂。把“cyto”锚定在“细胞”上，就能理解很多术语。
2. Cell Structure & Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and directing all cellular activities.
细胞核： 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA），指挥所有细胞活动。
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): The site of aerobic respiration, where energy is released in the form of ATP. Remember: 'mighty mitochondria' power the cell.
线粒体： 有氧呼吸的场所，在那里以ATP的形式释放能量。记住：“强大的线粒体”为细胞提供动力。
Ribosome: Tiny structures that synthesise proteins by translating the genetic code. Think 'ribosomes make proteins — R for ribosome, P for protein.'
核糖体： 微小的结构，通过翻译遗传密码来合成蛋白质。联想“核糖体造蛋白 —— 核糖体与蛋白”。
Chloroplast: Found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis. 'Chloro-' reminds you of the green pigment.
叶绿体： 仅存在于植物细胞中；含有叶绿素并进行光合作用。“Chloro-”让你想起绿色色素。
Cell membrane: The selectively permeable boundary that controls what enters and exits the cell.
细胞膜： 选择性渗透的边界，控制物质的进出。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer in plant, fungal and bacterial cells, made of cellulose in plants, providing support.
细胞壁： 植物、真菌和细菌细胞外部的刚性层，植物中由纤维素构成，提供支撑。
3. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random motion.
扩散： 粒子由于随机运动，从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿着浓度梯度进行。
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透： 水分子通过半透膜，从较稀的溶液向较浓的溶液扩散。
Active transport: The movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.
主动运输： 分子或离子逆浓度梯度从低浓度区域向高浓度区域的移动，需要呼吸作用提供的能量。
Facilitated diffusion: A type of passive transport that uses carrier proteins or channel proteins to move specific substances down their concentration gradient without energy.
协助扩散： 一种被动运输方式，利用载体蛋白或通道蛋白，顺浓度梯度转运特定物质，无需能量。
Endocytosis / Exocytosis: e : Endocytosis is the bulk transport of materials into the cell by the infolding of the membrane; exocytosis is the bulk transport out of the cell. 'Endo' = in, 'Exo' = out.
内存作用 / 外排作用： 内存是质膜内陷将物质大量吞入细胞；外排是将物质大量运出细胞。“Endo”= 内，“Exo”= 外。
4. Biological Molecules & Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (e.g. C₆H₁₂O₆), used as a primary energy source. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides used for storage.
碳水化合物： 由碳、氢、氧组成的有机化合物（如C₆H₁₂O₆），用作主要能源。淀粉和糖原是用作储存的多糖。
Proteins: Made of long chains of amino acids, folded into specific shapes; they function as enzymes, structural components, hormones and antibodies.
蛋白质： 由氨基酸长链组成，折叠成特定形状；具有酶、结构、激素和抗体等功能。
Lipids (Fats and Oils): Esters of fatty acids and glycerol, insoluble in water, used for long-term energy storage and insulation.
脂类（脂肪与油）： 脂肪酸与甘油的酯，不溶于水，用于长期能量储存和保温。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed. Word tip: most enzyme names end in '-ase' (amylase, protease, lipase).
酶： 一种生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被改变。词汇窍门：多数酶名以“-ase”结尾（淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶）。
Active site: The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs. The lock-and-key model helps memorise this complementary shape.
活性位点： 酶分子上底物结合并发生反应的区域。锁钥模型有助于记住这种互补形状。
Substrate: The molecule that an enzyme acts upon. Think 'substrate sits on the active site'.
底物： 酶所作用的分子。联想“底物坐在活性位点上”。
5. Plant Nutrition & Photosynthesis | 植物营养与光合作用
Photosynthesis: rbon dioxide and water using light energy, with the equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用： 植物利用光能，由二氧化碳和水制造葡萄糖和氧气的过程，方程式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素： 叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收光能用于光合作用。
Stomata (singular stoma): Small pores on the lower leaf surface that allow gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out) and transpiration. Guard cells control their opening and closing.
气孔： 叶片下表皮上的小孔，允许气体交换（CO₂进入，O₂排出）和蒸腾作用。保卫细胞控制其开闭。
Xylem: vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots upward. Think 'xylem = water up, like a straw'.
木质部： 一种维管组织，将水和溶解的矿物质从根部向上运输。联想“木质部像吸管一样向上送水”。
Phloem: Transports the products of photosynthesis (mainly sucrose) from leaves to other parts. 'Phloem = food flows down and around'.
韧皮部： 将光合作用产物（主要是蔗糖）由叶片运往其他部位。“韧皮部把食物向下和四周输送”。
Transpiration: The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through the stomata, driven by evaporation.
蒸腾作用： 植物地上部分散失水蒸气的过程，主要通过气孔，由蒸发驱动。
6. Human Nutrition & Digestion | 人体营养与消化
Ingestion: The taking in of food through the mouth. 'In-gest' — you are putting food inside.
摄食： 通过口腔摄入食物。“In-gest”——把食物放进体内。
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed. Two types: mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes).
消化： 将大而不溶的食物分子分解为可吸收的小而可溶分子的过程。分为两类：物理消化（咀嚼）和化学消化（酶）。
Peristalsis: Waves of muscle contractions that push food along the alimentary canal. Picture a worm moving — rhythmic squeezing.
蠕动： 肌肉收缩的波浪，推动食物沿消化道前进。想象一下蠕虫的运动 —— 有节律地挤压。
Bile: Produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder; it emulsifies fats (breaks large droplets into smaller ones) and neutralises stomach acid.
胆汁： 由肝脏产生，储存在胆囊中；能将脂肪乳化（把大油滴分散成小油滴），并中和胃酸。
Villi (singular villus): Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of digested food.
绒毛： 小肠内壁的指状突起，增大吸收消化食物的表面积。
Assimilation: The movement of absorbed nutrients into body cells where they become part of the cell or are used for energy.
同化： 吸收的营养物质进入身体细胞，成为细胞的一部分或用于提供能量。
7. Respiration & Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Aerobic respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy. Chemical: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.
有氧呼吸： 利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放大量能量。文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量。化学方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。
Anaerobic respiration: In animals, glucose → lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃); in yeast, glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.
无氧呼吸： 在无氧条件下从葡萄糖释放相对较少的能量。动物体内：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（C₃H₆O₃）；酵母中：葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳。
Oxygen debt: The extra oxygen needed after anaerobic exercise to oxidise the accumulated lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
氧债： 无氧运动后，为将积累的乳酸氧化成二氧化碳和水所需的额外氧气量。
Alveoli (singular alveolus): Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Their thin walls, huge surface area and rich blood supply make them efficient.
肺泡： 肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊。壁薄、表面积巨大且血供丰富，使其高效。
Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, driven by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (inhalation and exhalation).
肺通气： 由膈肌和肋间肌驱动，空气进出肺部的运动（吸气和呼气）。
8. Circulatory System | 循环系统
Double circulation: A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit — pulmonary (heart → lungs → heart) and systemic (heart → body → heart).
双循环： 血液在一次完整循环中两次经过心脏的循环系统 —— 肺循环（心→肺→心）和体循环（心→全身→心）。
Arteries: Thick-walled, muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. (Exception: the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood).
动脉： 管壁厚、有肌肉的血管，在高压下将血液带离心脏。（特例：肺动脉运输缺氧血）。
Veins: Vessels carrying blood towards the heart, with thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.
静脉： 将血液送回心脏的血管，管壁较薄，有静脉瓣防止倒流。
Capillaries: Microscopic, one-cell-thick vessels that form networks linking arteries and veins, allowing exchange of substances with tissues.
毛细血管： 仅一个细胞厚度的微小血管，构成连接动、静脉的网络，实现与组织的物质交换。
Plasma: The yellowish liquid component of blood that transports dissolved substances — glucose, hormones, urea and carbon dioxide.
血浆： 血液中淡黄色的液体成分，运输溶解的物质 —— 葡萄糖、激素、尿素和二氧化碳。
Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Biconcave discs containing haemoglobin, which binds oxygen for transport. Lack a nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin.
红细胞： 双凹圆盘状，含血红蛋白，能与氧结合并运输。无细胞核，以最大化容纳血红蛋白的空间。
9. Nervous System & Homeostasis | 神经系统与内稳态
Stimulus: A change in the internal or external environment that triggers a response. Receptor cells detect the stimulus and send impulses.
刺激： 内部或外部环境中能引起反应的变化。感受器细胞检测刺激并发出神经冲动。
Neuron (neurone): A nerve cell specialised for conducting electrical impulses. It has a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
神经元： 特化于传导电冲动的神经细胞，由胞体、树突和轴突组成。
Synapse: The junction between two neurons where an impulse is transmitted via chemical neurotransmitters.
突触： 两个神经元之间的连接点，冲动经化学神经递质在此传递。
Reflex arc: The pathway taken by an impulse in a reflex action — elay neuron (in CNS) → motor neuron → effector. It produces a rapid, involuntary response.
反射弧： 反射动作中神经冲动所经过的通路 —— 感受器→感觉神经元→联络神经元→运动神经元→效应器。它产生快速、不随意的反应。
Homeostasis: The maintenance of a constant internal environment, such as body temperature, blood glucose level and water content.
内稳态： 维持恒定的内部环境，如体温、血糖水平和水分含量。
Negative feedback: A control mechanism where a change from the set point triggers a response that counteracts the change, restoring the original level.
负反馈： 一种调控机制，偏离设定点的变化会触发与之对抗的反应，从而恢复原先的水平。
10. Reproduction & Inheritance | 生殖与遗传
Mitosis: A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction. ('M' for mitosis and 'M' for making duplicate cells.)
有丝分裂： 产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞的细胞分裂方式，用于生长、修复和无性生殖。（“有丝”可联想起“复制相同的丝线”。）
Meiosis: t : Cell division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes (sex cells). It involves two divisions and halves the chromosome number. 'Meiosis = making eggs and sperm'.
减数分裂： 产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子（性细胞）的细胞分裂。它包含两次分裂，染色体数目减半。“减数”联想“减少一半”。
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein, determining a trait. An allele is an alternative version of a gene.
基因： 编码特定蛋白质的一段DNA，决定一个性状。等位基因是基因的不同版本。
Dominant / Recessive: A dominant allele is expressed even if only one copy is present (represented by a capital letter), while a recessive allele is expressed only when two copies are present (lowercase).
显性 / 隐性： 显性等位基因只要存在一份就能表达（用大写字母表示），隐性等位基因只有两份都存在时才表达（用小写字母表示）。
Homozygous / Heterozygous: Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g. AA or aa); heterozygous means having two different alleles (e.g. Aa).
纯合 / 杂合： 纯合指某一性状有两个相同等位基因（如AA或aa）；杂合指有两个不同等位基因（如Aa）。
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