📚 Year 10 Cambridge Biology: Key Concepts Revision Guide | Year 10 剑桥生物核心知识点梳理
Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Biology builds a strong foundation in life sciences, covering everything from cell structure to ecosystems. This article distils the essential topics of the course into a clear revision guide, helping you consolidate key concepts, link ideas across topics and prepare effectively for end-of-year assessments.
Year 10 剑桥 IGCSE 生物课程为生命科学打下坚实基础，涵盖从细胞结构到生态系统等内容。本文将课程核心主题凝练成一份清晰的复习指南，助你巩固关键概念、贯通不同主题之间的联系，并高效备考学年末测评。
Use each section as a checklist: read the English and Chinese explanations, cover the page, then try to recall the definitions, equations and examples from memory. Active recall is far more effective than simply re-reading notes.
请把每一节当作一张清单：先读中英讲解，再遮住页面，尝试凭记忆复述定义、方程式与实例。主动回忆的效果远胜于反复阅读笔记。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells contain various organelles that perform specific roles. The nucleus controls activities and stores DNA; mitochondria generate energy through respiration; ribosomes synthesize proteins; the cell membrane controls the movement of substances.
所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的基本结构与功能单位。细胞包含各种执行特定功能的细胞器。细胞核控制活动并储存 DNA；线粒体通过呼吸作用产生能量；核糖体合成蛋白质；细胞膜控制物质的进出。
| Organelle / 细胞器 | Function / 功能 |
| Nucleus 细胞核 | Contains DNA and controls cell activities 含 DNA，控制细胞活动 |
| Cytoplasm 细胞质 | Site of most chemical reactions 大多数化学反应的场所 |
| Cell membrane 细胞膜 | Partially permeable barrier controlling entry and exit 部分透性屏障，控制物质进出 |
| Mitochondrion 线粒体 | Site of aerobic respiration, releases energy 有氧呼吸场所，释放能量 |
| Ribosome 核糖体 | Site of protein synthesis 蛋白质合成场所 |
ens by the objective lens, so a ×10 eyepiece with a ×40 objective gives ×400 magnification.
大多数细胞肉眼无法看见，需要使用光学显微镜。总放大倍率等于目镜倍数乘以物镜倍数，因此 10 倍目镜配 40 倍物镜的放大倍率为 400 倍。
Total magnification = eyepiece lens × objective lens
2. Plant Cells vs Animal Cells | 植物细胞与动物细胞的比较
Plant cells differ from animal cells by having a rigid cell wall, a large central vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Animal cells lack these structures. Both share common organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
植物细胞与动物细胞的不同之处在于它们有坚硬的细胞壁、大液泡和进行光合作用的叶绿体。动物细胞没有这些结构。两者共有的细胞器包括细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。
| Feature / 特征 | Plant cell / 植物细胞 | Animal cell / 动物细胞 |
| Cell wall 细胞壁 | Present, made of cellulose 有，成分为纤维素 | Absent 无 |
| Chloroplasts 叶绿体 | Present in green parts 绿色部位有 | Absent 无 |
| Vacuole 液泡 | One large permanent vacuole 一个大而持久的液泡 | Small temporary vacuoles 小而暂时的液泡 |
| Carbohydrate store 储能物质 | Starch 淀粉 | Glycogen 糖原 |
These structural differences reflect function: the cellulose wall gives support and shape, the permanent vacuole maintains turgor pressure, and chloroplasts allow the plant to make its own food by photosynthesis.
这些结构差异反映了功能差异：纤维素细胞壁提供支撑与形状，持久液泡维持膨压，叶绿体使植物能够通过光合作用自养。
3. Specialised Cells and Adaptation | 特化细胞与适应性
Specialised cells are adapted to their functions. Examples include root hair cells with extended projections for water absorption, red blood cells with biconcave shape and no nucleus to carry more oxygen, and ciliated epithelial cells with hair-like cilia to move mucus.
特化细胞适应其功能。例如，根毛细胞有长突起以吸收水分；红细胞呈双凹圆盘状、无细胞核，可携带更多氧气；纤毛上皮细胞有纤毛以推动黏液。
| Cell / 细胞 | Adaptation / 适应特征 | Function / 功能 |
| Root hair cell 根毛细胞 | Long thin projection, large surface area 细长突起，表面积大 | Absorbs water and mineral ions 吸收水和无机盐离子 |
| Red blood cell 红细胞 | Biconcave, no nucleus, haemoglobin 双凹、无核、含血红蛋白 | Transports oxygen 运输氧气 |
| Ciliated cell 纤毛细胞 | Hair-like cilia on the surface 表面有纤毛 | Sweeps mucus, dust and bacteria 清除黏液、灰尘和细菌 |
| Nerve cell 神经细胞 | Long axon, insulating sheath 长轴突，有髓鞘 | Carries electrical impulses 传导电信号 |
| Sperm cell 精子 | Tail and many mitochondria 有尾，线粒体多 | Swims to fertilise the egg 游动使卵细胞受精 |
Similar cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and organ systems into a complete organism. Understanding this hierarchy helps you explain how cells, such as palisade mesophyll cells packed with chloroplasts, contribute to the whole plant.
相似的细胞组成组织，组织组成器官，器官组成器官系统，器官系统组成完整个体。理解这一层级关系，有助于你解释充满叶绿体的栅栏组织细胞等如何服务于整株植物。
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can divide and differentiate into other cell types; embryonic stem cells are more flexible than adult stem cells, which is why their use in medicine raises both promise and ethical debate.
干细胞是未分化的细胞，能够分裂并分化成其他类型细胞；胚胎干细胞比成体干细胞更具可塑性，因此其在医学中的应用既带来希望，也引发伦理争议。
4. Movement In and Out of Cells | 物质进出细胞
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement. It is a passive process that requires no energy from respiration.
扩散是指粒子因随机运动而沿浓度梯度，从高浓度区域向低浓度区域发生的净移动。它是被动过程，不需要呼吸作用提供能量。
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy released by respiration.
渗透作用是指水分子通过部分
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