📚 Year 10 Cambridge Chemistry: A Quick Guide to Memorising Key Terms | 剑桥Year 10化学：核心术语速记指南
Welcome to this focused vocabulary guide for Year 10 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry. Mastering the precise terminology is half the battle; without it, even the best concepts can lose marks. This article breaks the syllabus into ten manageable topics. Each key term is explained in a concise English definition immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent and a memory tip, so you can internalise the language of chemistry quickly. Let's turn those tricky words into easy marks.
欢迎使用这份针对剑桥Year 10 IGCSE化学的词汇速记指南。精准掌握术语是拿分的关键，概念再熟，用词不准也会丢分。本文把考纲拆成十个易消化的小主题，每个核心词都先给出英文简明释义，紧接着配中文解析和记忆窍门，帮你快速内化化学语言，把拗口的词汇变成稳稳的分数。
1. Atomic Structure Terms | 原子结构术语
Proton (p⁺): cle located in the nucleus of an atom, with a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1. Think 'pro' = positive.
质子 (p⁺)：位于原子核内带正电荷的粒子，相对质量为1，带一个单位正电荷。联想 'pro' 与 positive 同有 'p'，记住它是正电。
Neutron (n): An uncharged particle found in the nucleus, also with a relative mass of 1. 'Neutr-' means neutral, neither positive nor negative.
中子 (n)：原子核中不带电的粒子，相对质量也是1。'neutr-' 词根意为中性，不偏不倚。
Electron (e⁻): A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus in shells, with a relative mass of just 1/1840 and charge –1. Its tiny mass is often treated as zero.
电子 (e⁻)：在原子核外分层排布的带负电粒子，相对质量仅为1/1840，电荷为–1。因其质量极小，计算时常忽略。
Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus, which defines the element. All atoms of the same element have identical Z.
原子序数 (Z)：原子核内质子数，决定了元素种类。同种元素的所有原子Z都相同。
Mass number (A): The total count of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Electrons contribute almost nothing to mass.
质量数 (A)：核内质子数加中子数。电子几乎不贡献质量。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element (same Z) that have different mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons. For example, ¹²C and ¹⁴C are isotopes of carbon.
同位素：同种元素（Z相同）但中子数不同因而质量数不同的原子。如碳的 ¹²C 和 ¹⁴C 互为同位素。
Electronic configuration: The arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus. It is written as a series of numbers, e.g., 2,8,1 for sodium (Na).
电子排布：电子在核外分层分布的排列方式，用一串数字表示。例如钠 (Na) 的电子排布为 2,8,1。
2. Chemical Bonding Vocabulary | 化学键相关术语
Ionic bond: The strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when metals transfer electrons to non-metals. The result is a giant ionic lattice, not individual molecules.
离子键：金属原子将电子转移给非金属原子后形成的正负离子之间的强烈静电吸引力。产物是巨型离子晶格，而非单个分子。
Covalent bond: A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons between non-metal atoms. It can be a single, double or triple bond depending on how many pairs are shared.
共价键：非金属原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键。根据共用电子对数目可分为单键、双键或三键。
Metallic bond: The attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons that move freely throughout the structure. This explains electrical conductivity and malleability.
金属键：金属阳离子排列成的晶格与在其中自由流动的离域电子“海洋”之间的吸引力。这就解释了金属的导电性和延展性。
Cation: A positively charged ion, formed by losing electrons. 'Cat' sounds like 'paws' – pawsitive!
阳离子 (cation)：失去电子后带正电的离子。读音像 'cat-ion'，可联想起猫咪 (cat) 的爪子 (paws) 是 positive。
Anion: A negatively charged ion, formed by gaining electrons. Remember 'a negative ion' = a-n-ion.
阴离子 (anion)：得到电子后带负电的离子。短语 'a negative ion' 恰好缩合为 anion。
Molecule: A discrete group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. It has a fixed number of atoms, e.g., H₂O, CO₂.
分子：靠共价键结合在一起的独立原子集团，原子数目固定。例如 H₂O 和 CO₂。
Giant covalent structure: A vast network of billions of atoms all joined by covalent bonds, with no separate molecules. Diamond (C) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) are classic examples.
巨型共价结构：由无数原子通过共价键连成的巨大网络，没有单独的小分子。金刚石 (C) 和二氧化硅 (SiO₂) 是典型例子。
3. Writing and Balancing Equations | 方程式书写与配平
Reactant: The starting substance(s) in a chemical reaction, written on the left side of the arrow.
反应物：化学反应的起始物质，写在箭头的左边。
Product: The substance(s) formed during the reaction, written on the right side of the arrow.
生成物：反应过程中生成的物质，写在箭头的右边。
State symbols: Abbreviations showing the physical state of each substance: (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas, and (aq) for aqueous (dissolved in water).
状态符号：表示物质物态的缩写：(s) 固体，(l) 液体，(g) 气体，(aq) 水溶液（溶于水）。
Word equation: ion using the names of reactants and products, e.g., magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
文字方程式：用物质名称描述反应，如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。
Balanced chemical equation: An equation in which the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides, obeying the law of conservation of mass. Coefficients are placed in front of formulas.
配平后的化学方程式：方程两边各元素的原子总数相等，符合质量守恒定律。通过在化学式前添加合适系数实现配平。
Spectator ion: An ion present in a reaction mixture that does not participate in the chemical change and remains unchanged. It is left out of ionic equations.
旁观离子：反应混合物中存在但未参与化学变化、自身保持不变的离子。在写离子方程式时会被省略。
4. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acid: A substance that releases H⁺ ions in water (proton donor). Common lab acids include HCl, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃.
酸：在水中释放 H⁺（质子）的物质。实验室常见的有盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)。
Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Metal oxides and hydroxides are typical bases.
碱：能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。金属氧化物和氢氧化物是常见的碱。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases OH⁻ ions in water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis.
可溶碱 (alkali)：溶于水并能释放 OH⁻ 离子的碱。所有 alkali 都是 base，但并非所有 base 都能溶于水。
pH scale: A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline.
pH 标度：0–14 的对数标度，用于衡量溶液的酸碱性。pH=7 为中性，小于7为酸性，大于7为碱性。
Indicator: A substance that displays different colours at different pH values. Litmus turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Universal indicator shows a full spectrum.
指示剂：在不同 pH 下呈现不同颜色的物质。石蕊遇酸变红，遇碱变蓝；万能指示剂则能显示从红到紫的渐变色谱。
Neutralisation: an : The reaction between an acid and a base producing a salt and water only. The ionic equation is H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。离子方程式为 H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Strong vs weak acid: A strong acid (e.g., HCl) fully ionises in water, while a weak acid (e.g., CH₃COOH) only partially ionises. Strength is not the same as concentration.
强酸与弱酸：强酸（如 HCl）在水中完全电离，弱酸（如 CH₃COOH）仅部分电离。酸的强度与浓度是两个不同概念。
5. Salts and Their Preparation | 盐类及其制备
Salt: An ionic compound formed when the H⁺ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺). Table salt is sodium chloride, NaCl.
盐：酸中的 H⁺ 被金属离子（或铵离子 NH₄⁺）取代后生成的离子化合物。食盐就是氯化钠 NaCl。
Precipitation: The rapid formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate) when two salt solutions are mixed. It is used to prepare insoluble salts.
沉淀反应：两种盐溶液混合后迅速生成不溶性固体（沉淀）的过程。常用于制备不溶性盐。
Filtration: A separation technique to isolate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The solid is collected on filter paper as the residue.
过滤：将不溶性固体从液体中分离的操作。固体留在滤纸上成为滤渣。
Crystallisation: A method to obtain a soluble salt from its solution by gently heating to evaporate the solvent until crystals form on cooling.
结晶：从溶液中获取可溶性盐的方法，通过缓慢加热蒸发溶剂，冷却后溶质以晶体形式析出。
Typical salt preparation routes: cid + carbonate → salt + water + CO₂. Choose the route based on reactivity and solubility.
常见制盐路线：酸 + 金属 → 盐 + 氢气；酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水；酸 + 碳酸盐 → 盐 + 水 + CO₂。根据反应物活性和溶解性选择合适路径。
6. The Mole Concept | 摩尔概念
Mole (mol): SI unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's constant). It is the chemist's 'counting unit'.
摩尔 (mol)：物质的量的国际单位。1 摩尔物质恰好含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数），好比化学家的“十二个一打”。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The weighted average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th the mass of a ¹²C atom. It has no units.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：某元素一个原子的平均质量与 ¹²C 原子质量的 1/12 相比所得的数值，无单位。
Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): The sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula. For molecules it is often called relative molecular mass.
相对式量 (Mᵣ)：化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。对于分子，常称为相对分子质量。
Molar mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in g/mol. Numerically it equals the Aᵣ or Mᵣ value.
摩尔质量：1 摩尔物质的质量，单位为 g/mol。数值上等于该物质的 Aᵣ 或 Mᵣ。
Empirical formula: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. For example, glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ has the empirical formula CH₂O.
实验式（最简式）：化合物中各元素原子的最简整数比。如葡萄糖 C₆H₁₂O₆ 的实验式为 CH₂O。
Molecular formula: The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. It is a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula.
分子式：一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目，为实验式的整数倍。
7. Electrolysis | 电解术语
Electrolysis: The chemical decomposition of an ionic compound by passing a direct electric current through it when molten or in aqueous solution.
电解：使直流电通过熔融态或水溶液的离子化合物，使其发生化学分解的过程。
Electrolyte: The substance that conducts electricity and gets decomposed during electrolysis. It must contain mobile ions.
电解质：电解过程中导电并被分解的物质，必须含有可自由移动的离子。
Electrode: A rod or plate through which electricity enters or leaves the electrolyte. The anode is the positive electrode, the cathode is the negative electrode.
电极：电流进出电解质的导电棒或板。阳极 (anode) 是正极，阴极 (cathode) 是负极。
Anode: The positive electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place. 'An Ox' remembers that the Anode is for Oxidation.
阳极 (Anode)：发生氧化反应的电极（正极）。口诀：'An Ox' 帮助记忆阳极氧化 (Anode Oxidation)。
Cathode: The negative electrode where reduction (gain of electrons) happens. 'Red Cat' – Reduction at the Cathode.
阴极 (Cathode)：发生还原反应的电极（负极）。口诀：'Red Cat' 联想阴极还原 (Reduction at Cathode)。
Oxidation and reduction (OIL RIG): Oxidation Is Loss of electrons; Reduction Is Gain of electrons. During electrolysis, anions are oxidised at the anode, and cations are reduced at the cathode.
氧化与还原 (OIL RIG)：氧化是失电子，还原是得电子。电解时，阴离子在阳极被氧化，阳离子在阴极被还原。
8. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that transfers thermal energy to the surroundings, usually causing a temperature rise. ΔH is negative. Combustion is a classic example.
放热反应：
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图