📚 Year 10 SQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 SQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering is rich in specialist language, and a firm grasp of key terms is essential for success in the SQA Year 10 course. This guide presents must‑know vocabulary grouped by topic, enabling you to build confidence in both theory and practical work.
工程学科富含专业术语，牢固掌握核心词汇是达成 SQA Year 10 课程学习目标的关键。本指南将必知术语按主题分组，帮助你在理论与实践两方面建立自信。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Understanding the behaviour of materials under different conditions is fundamental. Terms such as tensile strength (resistance to pulling apart), hardness (resistance to indentation or scratching), ductility (ability to be drawn into a wire) and malleability (ability to be hammered into thin sheets) are regularly tested. Elasticity describes a material's ability to return to its original shape after a load is removed, while plasticity refers to permanent deformation. The Young's modulus (E) quantifies stiffness, calculated as stress σ divided by strain ε, provided the material obeys Hooke's Law.
理解材料在不同条件下的行为是工程学基础。像抗拉强度（抵抗拉伸断裂的能力）、硬度（抵抗压入或刮擦的能力）、延展性（能被拉成细丝的能力）和可锻性（能被锤打成薄片的能力）等术语都常见于考查中。弹性描述材料在载荷卸除后恢复原状的能力，而塑性则指永久变形。杨氏模量（E）量化材料刚度，在服从胡克定律时等于应力 σ 除以应变 ε。
| Property | Meaning | 常见场景 |
|---|---|---|
| Toughness | Energy absorbed before fracture | Gears, hammer heads |
| Brittleness | Little plastic deformation before failure | Glass, cast iron |
| Fatigue limit | Maximum stress for infinite life under cyclic loading | Springs, rotating shafts |
韧性（断裂前吸收的能量）与脆性（失效前几乎没有塑性变形）通常成对出现。记住它们区别的最好方法是联系实际零件——比如韧性用于齿轮，脆性用于铸铁。
2. Forces, Loads and Moments | 力、载荷与力矩
A force is a push or a pull measured in newtons (N). Loads are classified as static (constant), dynamic (varying with time), compressive, tensile or shear. A moment dicular distance. The principle of moments states that for a body in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. Tension and compression are experienced by structural members; bending combines tension and compression. The centre of gravity (CoG) is the point where the entire weight of an object appears to act.
力是以牛顿 (N) 为单位的推或拉。载荷可分为静态载荷（恒定）、动态载荷（随时间变化）、压缩载荷、拉伸载荷或剪切载荷。力矩是力绕支点的转动效应，计算公式为力 × 垂直距离。力矩原理指出，处于平衡状态的物体其顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。结构构件承受着拉伸与压缩；弯曲则是拉伸和压缩的组合。重心 (CoG) 是物体整体重量看起来汇聚于的那一点。
3. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Mechanisms change one type of motion into another. Important terms include linear (straight line), reciprocating (repeated back and forth), rotary (around a fixed point) and oscillating (partial rotary motion). The mechanical advantage (MA) of a simple machine is the ratio of output force to input force; velocity ratio ratio of distance moved by effort to distance moved by load. Efficiency is (MA / VR) × 100%. Gears transmit rotary motion; the gear ratio is number of teeth on driven gear divided by number of teeth on driver gear. A pulley system offers mechanical advantage by multiplying force. Linkages such as the four‑bar chain convert motion between rotary and oscillating.
机构可将一种运动形式转变为另一种。重要术语包括直线运动、往复运动（反复来回）、旋转运动（绕固定点转动）和摆动（部分旋转运动）。简单机械的机械效益 (MA) 是输出力与输入力之比；速度比 (VR) 是动力移动距离与负载移动距离之比。效率为 (MA / VR) × 100%。齿轮传递旋转运动；齿轮比是从动轮齿数除以主动轮齿数。滑轮系统通过倍力作用提供机械效益。像四连杆机构这样的连杆机构可实现旋转与摆动间的运动转换。
4. Energy and Power | 能量与动力
Energy les (J). Potential energy (PE = mgh) and kinetic energy (KE = ½mv²) are fundamental forms. Power P = V × I. Efficiency of an energy conversion system is η = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%. Friction opposes motion and converts kinetic energy into thermal energy. In engineering, torque city (P = τ × ω). Understanding energy conservation helps in designing efficient machines.
能量是做功的能力，单位为焦耳 (J)。势能 (PE = mgh) 和动能 (KE = ½mv²) 是基本形式。功率是做功或传递能量的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。公式 功率 = 做功 / 时间 (P = W/t) 与电功率 P = V × I 相互关联。能量转换系统的效率 η = (有用能量输出 / 总能量输入) × 100%。摩擦阻碍运动并将动能转为热能。在工程中，扭矩相当于转动的力；功率也可表示为扭矩 × 角速度 (P = τ × ω)。理解能量守恒有助于设计高效的机器。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Shaping and joining materials involve a range of processes. Forming techniques include casting (pouring molten metal into a mould), forging (shaping with compressive forces) and extrusion (pushing material through a die). Machining removal processes such as turning, milling and drilling use cutting tools to achieve precise dimensions. Joining methods encompass welding (fusing materials with heat), brazing (using a filler metal above 450 °C) and soldering (filler below 450 °C). Additive manufacturing (3D printing) builds objects layer by layer. Key terms also include allowance (intentional clearance), tolerance (permissible variation) and surface finish (texture of a manufactured surface).
材料的成形与连接涉及一系列工艺。成形技术包括铸造（将熔融金属浇入模具）、锻造（用压力成形）和挤压（将材料推过模具）。机加工去除工艺如车削、铣削和钻孔，利用切削刀具达到精确尺寸。连接方法包括焊接（用热融合材料）、铜焊（使用熔点高于 450 °C 的填充金属）和锡焊（填充金属熔点低于 450 °C）。增材制造（3D 打印）逐层构建物体。关键术语还有余量（有意留出的间隙）、公差（允许的尺寸变动范围）和表面粗糙度（已加工表面的纹理特征）。
6. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Electronic control is ubiquitous in modern engineering. Ohm’s Law states that current (I) through a conductor is directly proportional to voltage (V) and inversely proportional to resistance (R):
V = I × R
Components such as resistors, capacitors (storing charge) and inductors (storing energy in a magnetic field) appear in circuits. Diodes allow current flow in one direction only; light‑emitting diodes (LEDs) are efficient light sources. Transistors act as switches or amplifiers. A sensor converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal — for example a thermistor (temperature‑dependent resistor) or an LDR (light‑dependent resistor). Series circuits have one path; parallel circuits offer multiple paths. Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws are used to analyse complex networks. An understanding of analogue versus digital signals is also important.
现代工程中电子控制无处不在。欧姆定律指出，通过导体的电流 (I) 与电压 (V) 成正比，与电阻 (R) 成反比：核心公式为 V = I × R。电阻器、电容器（储存电荷）和电感器（在磁场中储能）常见于电路中。二极管只允许电流单向流通；发光二极管 (LED) 是高效光源。晶体管可作开关或放大器。传感器将物理量转为电信号——例如热敏电阻（阻值随温度变化）或光敏电阻 (LDR)。串联电路只有一条路径；并联电路提供多条路径。基尔霍夫电压和电流定律用于分析复杂网络。理解模拟信号与数字信号的区别同样重要。
7. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
A structure must withstand loads without collapsing. Triangulation adds rigidity to frameworks because a triangle cannot change shape without altering side lengths. Terms such as strut (a member in compression), tie (a member in tension) and beam (a horizontal member carrying vertical loads) describe structural roles. Buckling occurs when a slender compression member suddenly deflects sideways. The centre of gravity affects stability: wider bases and lower CoG increase stability. A cantilever is a beam supported at one end only. Bending moment and shear force diagrams help engineers determine where a structure is most stressed. Factor of safety = ultimate stress / working stress, ensuring a design can handle unexpected overloads.
结构必须能承受载荷而不倒塌。三角加固增加框架刚性，因为三角形在不改变边长的情况下无法变形。压杆（承受压缩的构件）、拉杆（承受拉伸的构件）和梁（承受竖向载荷的水平构件）描述了构件的结构角色。屈曲发生于细长受压构件突然侧向弯曲时。重心影响稳定性：更宽的底座和更低的重心可提高稳定性。悬臂梁是仅一端支撑的梁。弯矩图和剪力图帮助工程师确定结构应力最大的区域。安全系数 = 极限应力 / 工作应力，确保设计能应对意外过载。
8. Quality and Testing | 质量与测试
Producing reliable products requires inspection and testing. Non‑destructive testing (NDT) techniques, such as ultrasonic, dye penetrant or magnetic particle inspection, detect flaws without damaging the component. Destructive testing (e.g. tensile tests, hardness tests, impact tests) provides quantitative data but destroys the sample. Go / No‑Go gauges quickly check whether a dimension falls within tolerance. Quality assurance (QA) focuses on processes to prevent defects; quality control (QC) involves inspection and measurement of outputs. Key statistical terms include mean, range and standard deviation. A specification lists the exact requirements a product must meet. Traceability ensures every step from raw material to finished product is documented.
生产可靠的产品离不开检验与测试。无损检测 (NDT) 技术，如超声波检测、渗透检测或磁粉检测，可在不损伤工件的情况下发现瑕疵。破坏性测试（例如拉伸试验、硬度试验、冲击试验）提供定量数据但会损毁样品。通止规能快速检验尺寸是否在公差范围内。质量保证 (QA) 注重通过过程管理预防缺陷；质量控制 (QC) 则涉及对输出结果的检验与测量。核心统计术语包括平均值、极差和标准差。规格书列明产品必须满足的精确要求。可追溯性确保从原材料到成品的每一步都留有记录。
9. Health and Safety | 健康与安全
Safety is paramount in every engineering workshop and design project. The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes safety glasses, gloves, steel‑toe boots and hearing protection. Risk assessment identifies hazards, evaluates the likelihood and severity of harm, and implements control measures using the hierarchy of controls (eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, administrative controls, PPE). A hazard is anything that could cause harm; a risk is the chance, high or low, that someone will be harmed by the hazard. Manual handling procedures prevent back injuries. COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulates exposure to chemicals. Fire extinguishers are colour‑coded for different classes of fire. Clear signage and emergency stop buttons are mandatory on machinery.
在任何工程车间与设计项目中，安全都是第一位的。个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括安全眼镜、手套、安全鞋和听力保护器具。风险评估旨在识别危险、评估伤害的可能性和严重程度，并采用控制层级（消除、替代、工程控制、管理控制、PPE）实施控制措施。危险源是可能造成伤害的任何事物；风险则是指某人被该危险伤害的可能性高低。人力搬运规程可防止背部受伤。COSHH（有害健康物质控制条例）规范化学品接触。灭火器按火灾类别采用颜色编码。设备上必须设有清晰的安全标识和急停按钮。
10. Sustainability and Environment | 可持续性与环境
Engineers must consider the environmental impact of products throughout their life cycle. Sustainability means meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. The 6Rs — Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, Rethink — provide a framework for sustainable design. Life‑cycle assessment (LCA) analyses the environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. Embodied energy is the total energy required to produce a product. Carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gases emitted. Circular economy aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible, extracting maximum value before regenerating materials. Terms such as biodegradable, renewable materials and energy recovery are frequently tested.
工程师必须考虑产品全生命周期的环境影响。可持续性意指满足当前需求而不损害后代满足其需求的能力。6R 原则 （减量、复用、回收、修复、拒绝、重新思考）为可持续设计提供了一套框架。生命周期评估 (LCA) 分析从原材料开采到废弃处理整个过程的环境影响。隐含能量是生产一件产品所需的总能量。碳足迹衡量排放的温室气体总量。循环经济旨在尽可能长时间地保持资源的利用价值，在材料再生前获取最大价值。可生物降解、可再生材料和能量回收等术语经常出现在考核中。
11. Measurement and Instrumentation | 测量与仪器
Accurate measurement underpins all engineering activity. Instruments such as Vernier callipers (resolution 0.02 mm), micrometers (0.01 mm) and dial gauges are used for linear dimensions. Load cells and strain gauges measure force and deformation. Thermocouples and RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) monitor temperature. The terms precision (repeatability of measurements) and accuracy (closeness to the true value) are distinct. Calibration checks and adjusts instrument accuracy against a known standard. Data logging allows automatic capture of readings over time. In pneumatics, pressure is measured in pascals (Pa); flow rate in m³/s. Understanding how to read scales, zero errors and parallax errors is essential for practical work.
精确的测量是所有工程活动的基础。游标卡尺（分辨率 0.02 mm）、千分尺（0.01 mm）和百分表等仪器用于测量长度尺寸。称重传感器和应变片可测量力和变形。热电偶和热电阻 (RTD) 用于温度监测。精密度（测量值的重复性）和准确度（与真实值的接近程度）是两个不同的概念。校准是根据已知标准检查和调整仪器精度的过程。数据采集能自动记录随时间变化的读数。在气动系统中，压力以帕斯卡 (Pa) 为单位，流量以 m³/s 为单位。学会如何读取刻度、识别零误差和视差误差对实践操作至关重要。
12. Drawings and Communication | 工程图纸与沟通
Engineers communicate ideas through standardised drawings. Orthographic projection shows three principal views (front, top, side) on a 2D plane. Isometric drawing presents a 3D representation with axes at 120° to each other. Scale drawings reduce or enlarge an object proportionally. Dimensioning rules ensure all necessary sizes are given clearly. Sectional views reveal internal features by cutting through the object. CAD (Computer‑Aided Design) software produces precise 2D and 3D models. Common symbols for surface texture, welding and electrical circuits are part of the design language. BOM (Bill of Materials) lists all parts and quantities needed for assembly. Effective technical writing and sketching are equally valued skills.
工程师通过标准化的图纸交流构想。正投影在二维平面上表现三个主视图（前视图、俯视图、侧视图）。等轴测图是一种三维表示形式，其轴线互为 120°。比例尺图纸将物体按比例缩小或放大。尺寸标注规则确保所有必要尺寸都清晰给出。剖视图通过假想剖切物体来展示内部结构。CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件可生成精确的二维和三维模型。表面粗糙度符号、焊接符号和电路符号是设计语言的一部分。BOM（物料清单）列出装配所需的所有零件和数量。有效的技术写作与草图绘制能力同样备受重视。
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