📚 Year 11 CIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the extensive vocabulary in CIE IGCSE Physical Education is essential for success in both theory and practical assessments. This guide breaks down key terms by topic, providing memory aids such as word roots, acronyms, and vivid associations to help you learn efficiently and retain terminology long-term.
掌握 CIE IGCSE 体育广泛的词汇对理论和实践评估的成功至关重要。本指南按主题拆解关键术语，提供词根、首字母缩写和生动联想等记忆辅助，帮助您高效学习并长期记住术语。
1. Anatomical Language | 解剖学术语
Always refer to the body in the standard anatomical position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward. Directional terms describe relative locations. Remember anterior means front and posterior means back – think of 'ant' walking forward and 'post' as after, behind. Superior is towards the head, like a superior boss above you; inferior is towards the feet, below.
始终以标准解剖学姿势为参照：身体直立，面向前方，双臂置于身体两侧，掌心向前。方位术语描述相对位置。记住前侧(anterior)指前方，后侧(posterior)指后方——联想蚂蚁(ant)向前走，而post表示之后，在后面。上(superior)指靠近头部，如同上司在你之上；下(inferior)指靠近足部，处于下方。
Medial means closer to the midline (think middle), while lateral means further away from the midline (think 'lateral' as side). Proximal refers to closer to the point of attachment to the trunk (proximity), and distal is further away (distant). For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
内侧(medial)指靠近身体中线（联想middle），而外侧(lateral)指远离中线（联想side）。近端(proximal)指靠近与躯干的连接点（接近），远端(distal)指远离该连接点（遥远）。例如，肘关节相对于腕关节是近端。
2. Movement Terminology | 动作术语
Angular movements at joints: flexion decreases the angle at a joint (think 'flex' your arm), extension increases the angle (ex- = out, straightening). Abduction moves a limb away from the midline (ab- = away), adduction moves it towards the midline (ad- = towards). Rotation is turning around an axis, and circumduction is a conical movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
关节处的角度运动：屈曲(flexion)使关节角度减小（想象弯曲手臂），伸展(extension)使角度增大（ex-表示向外，伸直）。外展(abduction)使肢体远离中线（ab-表示离开），内收(adduction)使肢体靠近中线（ad-表示朝向）。旋转(rotation)是绕轴转动，而环转(circumduction)是结合屈、伸、外展、内收的圆锥形运动。
Planes of movement help describe direction: sagittal plane divides left and right (think arrow through side), frontal plane divides front and back, transverse plane divides top and bottom. Axes are lines around which rotation occurs: sagittal axis for cartwheels, frontal axis for somersaults, vertical axis for pirouettes.
运动平面帮助描述方向：矢状面(sagittal plane)将身体分为左右两部分（想象箭从侧面穿过），额状面(frontal plane)分为前后，水平面(transverse plane)分为上下。轴是旋转围绕的线：矢状轴用于侧手翻，额状轴用于前空翻，垂直轴用于旋转。
3. Components of Fitness | 体能要素
Health-related fitness components can be memorised with the acronym 'CMMFB': Cardiovascular endurance, Muscular strength, Muscular endurance, Flexibility, Body composition. Think of a strong body needing all five to function well daily.
健康相关体适能要素可用首字母缩写'CMMFB'记忆：心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、身体成分。想象一个强健的身体需要这五项才能良好地日常运作。
Skill-related fitness components: Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed. Use the phrase 'A Big Cat Pounces Rapidly Swiftly' – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed. These are crucial for sports performance.
技能相关体适能要素：敏捷性、平衡能力、协调性、爆发力、反应时间、速度。用句子'A Big Cat Pounces Rapidly Swiftly'记忆——对应Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed。这些对运动表现至关重要。
4. Principles of Training | 训练原则
The main principles are summarised as SPORT: Specificity (training must match sport demands), Progression (gradually increase difficulty), Overload (push beyond normal levels), Reversibility (use it or lose it), Tedium (avoid boredom by varying training). Imagine a sport that is specific and progressive, overloading until you reverse tedium.
主要原则总结为SPORT：专项性（训练必须匹配运动需求），渐进性（逐步增加难度），超负荷（超越正常水平），可逆性（用进废退），枯燥性（通过多样化避免厌倦）。想象一项运动，具有专项性和渐进性，超负荷训练直到你逆转枯燥。
To apply overload, use FITT: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (method of training). Adjusting any of these variables ensures progressive overload without injury.
应用超负荷原则需使用FITT：频率（多久一次），强度（多努力），时间（持续多久），类型（训练方法）。调整这些变量中的任意一项即可在不受伤的情况下实现渐进超负荷。
5. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Continuous training involves steady exercise without rest, improving aerobic endurance. Fartlek means 'speed play' in Swedish – alternating fast and slow efforts. Interval training uses periods of work followed by rest. Associate each with its purpose: continuous for marathons, fartlek for games, interval for sprinting.
持续训练法指无休息的稳定运动，提高有氧耐力。法特莱克训练在瑞典语中意为'速度游戏'——交替进行快速和慢速运动。间歇训练法使用工作时段与休息时段交替。将每种方法与目的关联：持续训练用于马拉松，法特莱克用于球类项目，间歇训练用于短跑。
Circuit training is a series of exercises at stations. Weight training uses resistance to build strength or endurance. Plyometrics involves explosive movements to develop power, like jump training. Flexibility training includes static, dynamic, and PNF stretching. Remember: circuit for variety, weights for resistance, plyo for bounce, and stretch for range.
循环训练法在一系列站点进行练习。重量训练利用阻力增强力量或耐力。增强式训练包含爆发性动作以发展爆发力，如跳跃训练。柔韧性训练包括静态拉伸、动态拉伸和PNF拉伸。记住：循环追求多样，重量利用阻力，增强式为了弹跳，拉伸扩大活动范围。
6. Energy Systems | 能量系统
The ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system provides energy for maximal efforts up to 10 seconds, without oxygen. The lactic acid system fuels high-intensity efforts for 60–90 seconds, producing lactic acid as a by-product. The aerobic system uses oxygen for prolonged, lower-intensity activity. Use 'All People Love Oxygen' to recall ATP-PC, Lactic, Aerobic order.
ATP-PC（磷酸肌酸）系统为10秒内的最大强度运动提供能量，无需氧气。乳酸系统为60-90秒的高强度运动供能，产生副产物乳酸。有氧系统利用氧气进行长时间、较低强度活动。用'All People Love Oxygen'记住ATP-PC、乳酸、有氧顺序。
By-products of energy systems include lactic acid (from anaerobic glycolysis), which can cause fatigue and muscle soreness, and carbon dioxide and water from aerobic respiration. EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) refers to the oxygen debt repaid after intense exercise.
能量系统的副产物包括乳酸（来自无氧糖酵解），可导致疲劳和肌肉酸痛，以及有氧呼吸产生的二氧化碳和水。运动后过量氧耗(EPOC)指剧烈运动后偿还的氧债。
7. Skeletal System | 骨骼系统
Major bones to learn: cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals. Group bones by region: arm (humerus, radius, ulna), leg (femur, tibia, fibula), and use rhymes like 'radius is thumb-side, ulna is pinky-side'.
需要掌握的主要骨骼：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨、掌骨、指骨、肋骨、胸骨、椎骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨、跖骨。按区域分组骨骼：手臂（肱骨、桡骨、尺骨），腿部（股骨、胫骨、腓骨），并用口诀如'桡骨在拇指侧，尺骨在小指侧'。
Joint types: ball and socket (hips, shoulders) allow movement in all planes; hinge (elbows, knees) permit flexion/extension; pivot (neck – atlas/axis) enables rotation; gliding ts. Memory: ball and socket = multi-directional, hinge = door hinge, pivot = turning head.
关节类型：球窝关节（髋、肩）允许各平面运动；屈戌关节（铰链关节）（肘、膝）允许屈伸；车轴关节（颈部——寰椎/枢椎）实现旋转；滑动关节（腕骨）允许小幅滑动。记忆：球窝=多方向，铰链=门的合页，车轴=转头。
8. Muscular System | 肌肉系统
Key voluntary muscles: biceps, triceps, deltoid, pectorals, abdominals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals, gastrocnemius, latissimus dorsi. Think of antagonistic pairs: biceps and triceps in the arm, quadriceps and hamstrings in the thigh. The agonist contracts to create movement; the antagonist relaxes.
主要随意肌：肱二头肌、肱三头肌、三角肌、胸大肌、腹肌、股四头肌、腘绳肌、臀肌、腓肠肌、背阔肌。考虑拮抗肌对：手臂的肱二头肌和肱三头肌，大腿的股四头肌和腘绳肌。主动肌收缩产生运动；拮抗肌放松。
When kicking a ball, the quadriceps (agonist) extend the knee, while the hamstrings (antagonist) relax. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii contracts and the triceps relaxes. Visualising these pairs in action helps lock in the terminology.
踢球时，股四头肌（主动肌）伸膝，而腘绳肌（拮抗肌）放松。在弯举动作中，肱二头肌收缩，肱三头肌放松。想象这些肌对的实际动作有助于牢固记住术语。
9. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统
Heart structures: the right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery; the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the body through the aorta. Use 'Right Returns, Left Leaves' to remember flow. Atria receive, ventricles pump away.
心脏结构：右侧接收缺氧血并通过肺动脉泵入肺部；左侧接收富氧血并通过主动脉泵向全身。用'右侧回流(Right Returns)，左侧泵出(Left Leaves)'记忆血流。心房接收，心室泵出。
The respiratory pathway = trunk, bronchi = branches, bronchioles = twigs, alveoli = leaves where O₂ and CO₂ swap.
呼吸通道：空气经过气管、支气管、细支气管进入肺泡，在此进行气体交换。联想一棵树：气管=树干，支气管=树枝，细支气管=细枝，肺泡=叶片，在那里氧气和二氧化碳交换。
10. Skill Acquisition & Psychology | 技能习得与心理学
Types of feedback: intrinsic (internal feeling), extrinsic (external comments), knowledge of results (outcome), knowledge of performance (technique). Remember with 'I see (intrinsic) myself, E see (extrinsic) others, Results are the score, Performance is how.'
反馈类型：内在反馈（内部感觉），外在反馈（外界评论），结果认知（结果如何），表现认知（技术如何）。记忆：内在反馈来自自我感觉，外在反馈来自他人，结果认知看比分，表现认知看动作。
Guidance methods: visual (demonstrations), verbal (instructions), manual (physical support), mechanical (equipment aids). The inverted-U theory states that performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point, then declines. Imagine an upside-down U – too little or too much arousal hurts performance.
指导方法：视觉指导（示范），语言指导（指令），手动指导（身体辅助），机械指导（器械辅助）。倒U理论指出，表现随唤醒水平提高而改善，达到最佳点后下降。想象一个倒U形——唤醒水平过低或过高都会损害表现。
11. Socio-cultural Influences | 社会文化影响
Participation barriers include age, gender, disability, race, religion, and socio-economic status. Factors like access to facilities, opportunity, and self-esteem (AOS) are key. Commercialisation treats sport as a product; media and sponsorship increase its visibility and funding but can shift values.
参与障碍包括年龄、性别、残疾、种族、宗教、社会经济地位。设施可及性、机会和自尊(AOS)是关键因素。商业化将体育作为一种产品；媒体和赞助增加了体育的曝光度和资金，但可能改变价值取向。
Distinguish sportsmanship (fair play, respect for opponents and rules) from gamesmanship (bending rules without breaking them to gain advantage). Deviance breaks rules deliberately, such as doping. Recall the 'spirit of the game' for sportsmanship, 'cunning' for gamesmanship, and 'cheating' for deviance.
区分体育精神(sportsmanship)（公平竞争，尊重对手和规则）与竞赛智巧(gamesmanship)（在不违反规则的前提下巧妙利用规则获利）。越轨行为(deviance)是故意违反规则，如服用兴奋剂。用'比赛精神'记体育精神，'狡猾'记竞赛智巧，'作弊'记越轨行为。
12. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与补水
Macronutrients: carbohydrates (main energy source, stored as glycogen), proteins (growth and repair of tissues), fats (energy storage, insulation). Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts for bodily functions. Carbo-loading boosts glycogen stores before endurance events.
宏量营养素：碳水化合物（主要能量来源，储存为糖原），蛋白质（组织生长与修复），脂肪（能量储存、保温）。微量营养素包括维生素和矿物质，少量需求但维持机能。糖原负荷法在耐力比赛前增加糖原储备。
Hydration is critical – dehydration impairs performance and can lead to hyperthermia (overheating). Drinking water before, during and after exercise maintains fluid balance. Conversely, hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops dangerously low in cold conditions without proper clothing.
水合状态至关重要——脱水会损害运动表现并可能导致体温过高。运动前、中、后饮水可保持体液平衡。相反，在寒冷环境中若保暖不足，体温过低 (hypothermia) 会带来危险。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图