📚 CIE Year 11 Law Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | CIE 11 年级法律词汇术语速记指南
Mastering legal terminology is the first step to success in CIE IGCSE Law. This guide groups essential Year 11 terms into thematic clusters, pairing English definitions with clear Chinese explanations to anchor your memory fast. Use it alongside your textbook and past papers to turn confusing jargon into confident marks.
掌握法律术语是攻克 CIE IGCSE 法律的第一步。本指南将 11 年级核心词汇按主题归类，英文定义配以清晰的中文解释，帮助快速巩固记忆。结合教材和历年真题使用，化晦涩术语为得分利器。
1. The Building Blocks of a Crime | 犯罪的构成要件
Actus reus – the guilty act. It refers to the physical element of a crime, which can be an action, a failure to act (omission), or a state of affairs. For example, the act of taking someone else's property without consent is the actus reus of theft.
Actus reus（犯罪行为） – 即 "有罪的行为"。指犯罪的客观要素，可以是积极行为、不作为（omission）或某种状态。例如，未经同意拿走他人财物即为盗窃的犯罪行为。
Mens rea – the guilty mind. This is the mental element of a crime, such as intention, recklessness, or negligence. The prosecution must usually prove both actus reus and mens rea to secure a conviction.
Mens rea（犯罪意图） – 即 "有罪的心理"。指犯罪的主观要素，如故意、轻率或过失。控方通常须同时证明犯罪行为和犯罪意图才能定罪。
Causation – the link between the defendant's act and the consequence. In result crimes like murder, the prosecution must show that the defendant's conduct was both the factual and legal cause of the harm.
Causation（因果关系） – 被告行为与后果之间的关联。在谋杀等结果犯中，控方须证明被告的行为是危害结果的事实原因和法律原因。
2. Offences Against the Person | 侵害人身罪
Assault – an act which causes the victim to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence. No physical contact is needed; a threatening gesture is enough if it creates fear.
Assault（企图伤害 / 威胁） – 使受害人担心即将遭受立即且非法的暴力行为。无需实际身体接触；若威胁性手势引起恐惧，即可构成。
Battery – the actual infliction of unlawful personal violence. Even a slight touch can be a battery if it is unwanted and not consented to.
Battery（殴打） – 实际施加非法的身体暴力。即使是轻微触碰，若未经同意且违背对方意愿，也可能构成殴打。
Actual bodily harm (ABH) – an assault or battery that causes some injury, such as cuts, bruises, or psychological harm that is more than transient. It is defined under s.47 Offences Against the Person Act 1861.
Actual bodily harm（实际身体伤害，ABH） – 造成某种伤害的威胁或殴打，如割伤、瘀伤或超出短暂性的心理伤害。依据《1861 年侵害人身罪法》第 47 条定义。
Grievous bodily harm (GBH) – really serious harm, such as broken bones or permanent disability. It can be charged under s.18 (with intent) or s.20 (with recklessness) of the same Act.
Grievous bodily harm（严重身体伤害，GBH） – 非常严重的伤害，如骨折或永久性残疾。可按同一法律第 18 条（故意）或第 20 条（轻率）起诉。
3. Property Offences | 财产犯罪
Theft – the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. The core elements are dishonesty, appropriation, property, belonging to another, and intention to permanently deprive.
Theft（盗窃） – 不诚实地占有他人财产，并意图永久剥夺对方对该财产的权利。核心要素：不诚实、占有、财产、属于他人、永久剥夺的意图。
Robbery – theft that involves the use or threat of force immediately before or at the time of the theft. The force element elevates the crime and carries heavier penalties.
Robbery（抢劫） – 盗窃过程中，在即将动手时或盗窃当时使用或威胁使用武力。暴力因素使罪行升级，刑罚更重。
Burglary – entering any building or part of a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, inflict GBH, or do unlawful damage. Once inside, actually committing such an offence also constitutes burglary.
Burglary（入室盗窃 / 入屋犯法） – 作为侵入者进入任何建筑物或其一部分，意图盗窃、造成严重身体伤害或非法毁坏。进入后实际实施上述罪行亦构成入室犯罪。
4. Defences in Criminal Law | 刑事抗辩事由
Self-defence – a person may use reasonable force to protect themselves or another, or to prevent crime. The force must be proportionate to the threat as the defendant honestly believed it to be.
Self-defence（自卫） – 个人可使用合理武力保护自己或他人，或防止犯罪。武力须与被告真诚相信的威胁程度相称。
Duress – the defendant is forced to commit a crime because of a threat of death or serious injury. It is not available for murder or certain other serious offences. The threat must be imminent and unavoidable.
Duress（被迫 / 胁迫） – 被告因面临死亡或严重伤害的威胁而被迫犯罪。谋杀及某些特定严重罪行不能以此抗辩。威胁须迫在眉睫且无法避免。
Insanity – a legal defence based on the M'Naghten rules: the defendant was suffering from a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind, so they did not know the nature and quality of the act or did not know it was wrong. The verdict is 'not guilty by reason of insanity'.
Insanity（精神错乱） – 基于姆纳坦规则的法律抗辩：被告因精神疾病导致理性缺陷，致使其不知行为的性质和品质，或不知行为是错误的。判决为 "因精神错乱无罪"。
5. Tort Law Fundamentals | 侵权法基础
Tort – a civil wrong that allows the injured party to claim damages (compensation). Unlike crime, tort focuses on compensating the victim rather than punishing the wrongdoer.
Tort（侵权） – 一种民事过错行为，受害方可请求损害赔偿。与犯罪不同，侵权重在补偿受害人，而非惩罚加害人。
Negligence – the most common tort. It requires duty of care, breach of that duty, and damage caused by the breach. The famous 'neighbour principle' from Donoghue v Stevenson established that we must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions that could reasonably foreseeably injure our neighbour.
Negligence（过失侵权） – 最常见的侵权行为。须具备注意义务、违反该义务以及因违反造成的损害。著名的 "邻人原则"（Donoghue v Stevenson 案）确立，我们须合理注意避免可预见伤害邻人的作为或不作为。
Occupiers' liability – a duty owed by occupiers of premises to keep lawful visitors reasonably safe. Under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957, visitors are owed a common duty of care.
Occupiers' liability（占有人责任） – 场所占有人对合法访客负有合理安全保障义务。根据 1957 年《占有人责任法》，访客享有共同的注意义务。
Vicarious liability – an employer can be held liable for torts committed by an employee in the course of employment. This does not replace the employee's own liability but gives the claimant another defendant to sue.
Vicarious liability（替代责任） – 雇主可能对雇员在雇用期间实施的侵权行为承担责任。这不免除雇员自身责任，但为索赔人提供了另一被告。
6. Contract Law Essentials | 合同法基础
Offer – a clear statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound. It must be distinguished from an 'invitation to treat', which is merely an invitation to negotiate (e.g., goods on a shop shelf).
Offer（要约） – 要约人明确表示愿意受其条款约束的声明。须区别于 "要约邀请"（invitation to treat），后者仅是谈判邀请（如货架上的商品）。
Acceptance – an unqualified agreement to all the terms of the offer. Acceptance must be communicated to the offeror, except in the postal rule where acceptance is effective upon posting.
Acceptance（承诺） – 对要约所有条款无保留的同意。承诺须传达给要约人，但邮寄规则下，承诺于投邮时生效。
Consideration – something of value exchanged between the parties. It can be a benefit to one party or a detriment to the other. Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate.
Consideration（对价） – 双方交换的有价值之物。可以是一方获益或另一方受损。对价须充分但不必等价。
Intention to create legal relations – both parties must intend their agreement to be legally binding. Social and domestic arrangements are presumed not to have such intention, while commercial agreements are presumed to have it.
Intention to create legal relations（建立法律关系的意图） – 双方须意使其协议具有法律约束力。社交与家庭安排推定无此意图，商业协议则推定有。
7. Sources of Law: Precedent and Statute | 法律渊源：判例与成文法
Stare decisis – the doctrine of judicial precedent, meaning 'to stand by things decided'. Lower courts must follow the legal principles (ratio decidendi) set by higher courts in relevant cases. This promotes consistency and fairness.
Stare decisis（遵循先例） – 司法先例原则，意为 "遵从已决之事"。下级法院须遵循上级法院在相关案件中确立的法律原则（ratio decidendi）。这促进了统一性与公正。
Ratio decidendi – the legal reason or principle for a court's decision. It is the binding part of a precedent. Any other comment is obiter dicta (things said by the way), which is persuasive only.
Ratio decidendi（判决理由） – 法院判决的法律理由或原则。是先例中有约束力的部分。其他论述为 obiter dicta（附带意见），仅具说服力。
Statute – an Act of Parliament, the supreme source of law. Statutes can overturn common law rules and must be applied by judges. Delegated legislation (e.g., statutory instruments) is made by other bodies under powers granted by Parliament.
Statute（成文法 / 法令） – 议会通过的法律，最高法律渊源。法令可推翻普通法规则，法官必须适用。委任立法（如行政规章）由其他机构根据议会授权制定。
8. The Court System and Legal Personnel | 法院体系与法律职业
Magistrates' Court – the lowest criminal court, where magistrates or a district judge deal with summary offences and some either-way offences. Over 95% of criminal cases are heard here. It also handles preliminary matters for indictable cases.
Magistrates' Court（治安法院） – 最低级刑事法院，由治安法官或地区法官审理简易罪及部分两可罪。超过 95% 的刑事案件在此处理。它也处理可公诉案件的初步事项。
Crown Court – hears indictable offences and some either-way cases, with a jury and a judge. It also hears appeals from the Magistrates' Court on conviction or sentence.
Crown Court（刑事法院） – 由陪审团与法官审理可公诉罪及部分两可案。还审理治安法院的定罪或量刑上诉。
Barrister – a specialist advocate who has rights of audience in all courts. They are often self-employed and usually instructed through solicitors. Under the 'cab rank rule', barristers cannot discriminate when a client comes to them via a solicitor.
Barrister（出庭律师） – 专业出庭律师，在所有法院均有出庭发言权。他们通常是自雇人士，一般通过事务律师接受委聘。根据 "计程车排队规则"，出庭律师不得歧视通过事务律师委托的客户。
Solicitor – a legal professional who provides advice, drafts documents, and represents clients mainly in the lower courts. Solicitors can now get higher rights of audience to appear in higher courts.
Solicitor（事务律师） – 法律专业人士，提供咨询、起草文件，并主要在初级法院代理客户。事务律师现可取得更高的出庭发言权，在更高级法院出庭。
9. Key Concepts in the Criminal Process | 刑事诉讼关键概念
Burden of proof – the obligation to prove the facts of the case. In criminal trials, the burden rests on the prosecution to prove guilt 'beyond reasonable doubt'. This standard is higher than the civil standard of 'on the balance of probabilities'.
Burden of proof（举证责任） – 证明案件事实的义务。刑事审判中，控方承担举证责任，须 "排除合理怀疑"（beyond reasonable doubt）地证明有罪。该标准高于民事 "可能性权衡"（on the balance of probabilities）标准。
Presumption of innocence – every defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty. This is a fundamental principle ensuring that the state must prove the case without assistance from the accused.
Presumption of innocence（无罪推定） – 每个被告在被证明有罪之前被推定为无罪。这一基本原则确保国家必须证明案件，无需被告人协助。
Right to silence – a defendant is not obliged to answer police questions or give evidence in court. However, in the UK, adverse inferences may be drawn in certain circumstances from silence under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.
Right to silence（沉默权） – 被告没有义务回答警方问题或在法庭作证。但在英国，根据《1994 年刑事司法与公共秩序法》，在特定情况下可从沉默中得出不利推论。
10. Sentencing Aims and Types | 量刑目的与类型
Retribution – punishment that reflects the blameworthiness of the offender; the sentence should be proportionate to the crime. This is based on the idea of 'an eye for an eye' in a modern form.
Retribution（报应） – 反映罪犯应受谴责性的惩罚；刑罚应与罪行成比例。这基于现代形式的 "以眼还眼" 理念。
Deterrence – aimed at discouraging the offender (individual deterrence) or others (general deterrence) from committing crimes. A heavy sentence is given to make an example.
Deterrence（威慑） – 旨在阻止罪犯（个别威慑）或他人（一般威慑）犯罪。通过判处重刑以儆效尤。
Rehabilitation – helping the offender to reform and become a law-abiding citizen. This often involves education, therapy, or community-based programmes tailored to the individual.
Rehabilitation（改造） – 帮助罪犯改过自新，成为守法公民。通常涉及针对个人的教育、治疗或社区矫正项目。
Community sentence – a sentence served in the community, such as unpaid work, curfew, or a mental health treatment requirement. It aims to punish while also addressing the causes of offending.
Community sentence（社区刑罚） – 在社区中执行的刑罚，如无偿劳动、宵禁或心理健康治疗令。旨在惩罚的同时，解决犯罪根源。
11. Human Rights and Law | 人权与法律
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) – an international treaty protecting fundamental rights and freedoms. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated most of its rights into UK law, allowing UK courts to hear human rights cases.
European Convention on Human Rights（欧洲人权公约，ECHR） – 保护基本权利与自由的国际条约。《1998 年人权法》将其大部分权利纳入英国法，使英国法院可以审理人权案件。
Right to a fair trial (Article 6) – everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal. This includes the presumption of innocence and minimum defence rights.
Right to a fair trial（公平审判权，第 6 条） – 人人有权在合理时间内由独立、公正的法庭进行公正、公开的审理。包括无罪推定及最低限度的辩护权。
Protection against discrimination (Article 14) – the enjoyment of ECHR rights shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, religion, or other status. UK equality law now largely reflects these standards.
Protection against discrimination（禁止歧视，第 14 条） – 对公约权利的享有不得因性别、种族、宗教或其他身份等原因而受到歧视。英国平等法如今大致反映了这些标准。
12. Revision Memory Hacks | 复习记忆技巧
Chunk terms together – group vocabulary by topic (crime, tort, contract) rather than learning alphabetically. The brain remembers thematic links more efficiently.
按主题归类 – 将词汇按主题（刑法、侵权法、合同法）分组，而不是按字母顺序死记。大脑对主题关联的记忆更高效。
Use the 'define–apply–example' method – for each term, learn the definition, then imagine a brief scenario where it applies. Create a short example, such as "Actus reus of theft: picking up a wallet with intent to keep it."
使用 "定义-应用-举例" 三步法 – 每个术语先记定义，然后设想一个适用的简短场景。例如 "盗窃的犯罪行为：捡起钱包意图据为己有。"
Flashcards with bilingual prompts – write the English term on one side and the Chinese meaning plus a keyword on the other. Test yourself looking at both sides alternately to strengthen dual-language recall.
双语提示闪卡 – 一面写英文术语，另一面写中文意思和一个关键词。交替看两面自测，强化双语回忆。
Explain it aloud – pretend you are teaching the concept to a friend who knows no law. Saying it in plain English and plain Chinese forces your brain to organise the ideas clearly.
大声讲出来 – 假装在向完全不懂法律的朋友讲解。用简单明了的英中口语把概念讲清楚，强迫大脑理顺逻辑。
Published by TutorHao | Law Revision Series | aleveler.com
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