📚 Core CIE Sociology Year 11 Concepts | CIE 社会学核心知识点梳理
In CIE IGCSE Sociology (0495), Year 11 students consolidate their understanding of how society works, exploring the relationships between individuals, groups, and social institutions. This revision article distils the core knowledge areas, from major sociological perspectives to key substantive topics such as family, education, crime, and media, along with essential research methods. Grasping these concepts will help you excel in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
在 CIE IGCSE 社会学 (0495) 课程中，Year 11 学生需要巩固对社会运作方式的理解，探索个人、群体和社会制度之间的关系。这篇复习文章提炼了核心知识领域，从主要社会学视角到家庭、教育、犯罪和媒体等关键议题，以及必要的研究方法。掌握这些概念将有助于你在试卷一和试卷二中取得优异成绩。
1. Major Sociological Perspectives | 主要社会学视角
Functionalism sees society as a stable system of interconnected parts, each contributing to the whole. Emile Durkheim used the organic analogy, comparing society to a living organism where institutions like family, education, and government maintain social order. Talcott Parsons identified functional prerequisites such as adaptation and value consensus. Functionalists argue that social stratification is necessary to fill important roles (Davis-Moore thesis).
功能主义将社会视为一个由相互关联的部分组成的稳定系统，每个部分都对整体有贡献。埃米尔·涂尔干使用有机体类比，把社会比作一个生命体，其中家庭、教育和政府等制度维持社会秩序。塔尔科特·帕森斯提出了适应和价值共识等功能性先决条件。功能主义者认为，社会分层对于填补重要角色是必要的（Davis-Moore 命题）。
Marxism focuses on class conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class). Karl Marx argued that the economic base (relations of production) shapes the superstructure (education, media, religion), which legitimises inequality. False consciousness prevents the proletariat from recognising their exploitation, but ultimately a revolution would lead to a classless society. Neo-Marxists like Gramsci highlight hegemony — ideological dominance through consent.
马克思主义关注资产阶级（统治阶级）与无产阶级（工人阶级）之间的阶级冲突。卡尔·马克思认为经济基础（生产关系）塑造了上层建筑（教育、媒体、宗教等），后者使不平等合法化。虚假意识阻止无产阶级认识到他们受剥削的事实，但最终革命将导致无阶级社会。新马克思主义者如葛兰西强调霸权——通过同意达成的意识形态统治。
Feminism examines gender inequality and patriarchy. Liberal feminists advocate for legal reforms and equal opportunities; Marxist feminists link women's oppression to capitalism and the reproduction of labour power; radical feminists argue that patriarchy is the fundamental oppression and target the personal as political. Intersectionality (Crenshaw) shows how gender intersects with race and class.
女性主义研究性别不平等和父权制。自由女性主义主张法律改革和平等机会；马克思主义女性主义将妇女压迫与资本主义和劳动力再生产联系起来；激进女性主义认为父权制是最根本的压迫，并将个人事务视为政治问题。交叉性（克伦肖）表明性别如何与种族和阶级交织在一起。
Interactionism (or interpretive approach) focuses on small-scale interactions and how individuals give meaning to social situations. George Herbert Mead emphasised the development of 'self' through interaction. Labelling theory, developed by Howard Becker, explains how deviance is created when a label is applied and the labelled person may internalise it, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Goffman's dramaturgical model views social life as a performance.
互动论（或解释性方法）关注小规模互动以及个体如何赋予社会情境以意义。乔治·赫伯特·米德强调通过互动发展“自我”。霍华德·贝克尔发展的标签理论解释了越轨行为是如何在标签被贴上时产生的，被标签者可能内化它，导致自我实现的预言。戈夫曼的拟剧论将社会生活视为一种表演。
| Dimension | Functionalism | Marxism |
|---|---|---|
| View of society | Consensus, harmony | Conflict, exploitation |
| Stratification | Functional necessity | Result of class domination |
| Social change | Slow, evolutionary | Revolutionary |
This table contrasts the key assumptions of functionalism and Marxism.
此表对比了功能主义与马克思主义的关键假设。
2. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into groups based on their access to wealth, power, and prestige. In Year 11, we study class, gender, and ethnicity as major axes of inequality. Life chances — the opportunities to obtain desired resources — are unequally distributed. The functionalist Davis-Moore thesis argues stratification motivates talent, while Marxists see it as institutionalised exploitation.
社会分层指根据获取财富、权力和声望的机会将个体分为不同群体的等级安排。在 Year 11 中，
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图