📚 Year 11 CIE Computer Science: A Quick Guide to Memorising Key Vocabulary and Terminology | Year 11 CIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Struggling to keep all those computer science terms straight? This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for the CIE Year 11 syllabus, pairing each tricky term with a quick memory trick, acronym, or real-world analogy. Read the English explanation, then reinforce it with the Chinese version – perfect for building both subject confidence and bilingual fluency.
还在为记不住计算机科学术语而发愁吗？这份指南把 CIE Year 11 考试涉及的核心词汇逐一拆解，每个难记的术语都配上快速记忆窍门、首字母缩略词或生活类比。先读英文解释，再用中文巩固，既提升学科信心，又锻炼双语能力。
1. Data Representation & Number Bases | 数据表示与数制
Binary: A base‑2 number system using only 0s and 1s. Memory trick: Bi‑ means two – just like a bicycle has two wheels.
二进制：以2为基数的数制，只用0和1。记忆技巧：前缀bi‑表示“二”，就像自行车有两个轮子。
Bit (Binary Digit): The smallest unit of data, either 0 or 1. Memory trick: Think of a single light switch – it can only be ON or OFF.
比特（二进制位）：数据的最小单位，要么0要么1。记忆技巧：想象一个简单的电灯开关——只能开或关。
Byte: A group of 8 bits. Often stores one character. Memory trick: “Byte” rhymes with “eight”, and an octopus has 8 legs – a byte is an octet of bits.
字节：8个比特组成的一组数据，通常存放一个字符。记忆技巧：“byte”与“eight”押韵，章鱼有八条腿——字节就是八位组。
Nibble: 4 bits, or half a byte. Memory trick: A nibble is a tiny bite – half of a full byte!
半字节：4个比特，即半个字节。记忆技巧：nibble是“小口咬”的意思——刚好咬掉半个byte！
Binary Addition Overflow: When the sum of two binary numbers exceeds the available number of bits, generating a carry that cannot be stored. Memory trick: Like trying to pour 2 litres of water into a 1‑litre bottle – the extra spills over.
二进制加法溢出：两个二进制数相加的结果超出可用的位数，产生无法存放的进位。记忆技巧：就像想把2升水倒进1升的瓶子——多余的水会溢出来。
2. Data Transmission & Error Checking | 数据传输与差错检验
Serial Transmission: Sending data one bit at a time over a single wire. Memory trick: Serial = single file – like cars moving through a one‑lane tunnel.
串行传输：通过一根线每次只发送一个比特。记忆技巧：串行（serial）就是排成单列——像汽车通过单车道隧道那样。
Parallel Transmission: Sending multiple bits simultaneously over several wires. Memory trick: Parallel = many paths side by side – like a multi‑lane motorway.
并行传输：通过多根线同时发送多个比特。记忆技巧：并行（parallel）就是多条路并列——像多车道高速公路。
Simplex, Half‑duplex, Full‑duplex: Simplex is one‑way only (radio broadcast); half‑duplex is both ways but not at the same time (walkie‑talkie); full‑duplex is both ways simultaneously (phone call). Memory trick: Think of a road: simplex = one‑way street, half‑duplex = narrow bridge with traffic lights, full‑duplex = dual carriageway.
单工、半双工、全双工：单工只能单向（如无线电广播）；半双工可双向但不能同时（如对讲机）；全双工可同时双向（如电话通话）。记忆技巧：用道路来想：单工是单行道，半双工是有红绿灯的窄桥，全双工是双向多车道。
Parity Bit: An extra bit added to data to make the number of 1s either even (even parity) or odd (odd parity), used for error detection. Memory trick: A “parity‑check” friend who counts whether you have an even or odd number of sweets, so you know if one goes missing.
奇偶校验位：额外添加一个比特，使数据中1的个数为偶数（偶校验）或奇数（奇校验），用于查错。记忆技巧：像有位“奇偶数检查员”帮你数糖果，如果数目不对就是丢失了。
Checksum: A calculated value sent with data; the receiver recalculates and compares. Memory trick: “Check‑sum” – you sum up the pieces and check if the total matches the tag on the suitcase.
校验和：随数据一起发送的计算值，接收方重新计算并比较。记忆技巧：“检查总和”（check‑sum）就像给行李贴上的总数量标签，到了再数一遍看是否一致。
3. Computer Architecture & the CPU | 计算机体系结构与中央处理器
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that executes instructions. Memory trick: The CPU is the “chef” in the kitchen – it reads the recipe (program) and does all the cooking (processing).
中央处理器：计算机的大脑，负责执行指令。记忆技巧：CPU就像厨房里的主厨——读取菜谱（程序），完成所有烹饪（处理）工作。
Control Unit (CU): Decodes instructions and sends control signals to other components. Memory trick: The conductor of an orchestra – it doesn’t play an instrument but tells everyone else when and what to play.
控制单元：对指令进行译码，并向其他部件发送控制信号。记忆技巧：像乐团的指挥——自己不演奏乐器，但告诉所有人何时演奏什么。
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): Performs calculations and logical comparisons. Memory trick: The “calculator plus decision‑maker” – ALU = All Logical Understanding.
算术逻辑单元：执行算术运算和逻辑比较。记忆技巧：既是计算器又是决策者——记成“All Logical Understanding”。
Registers: Tiny, super‑fast storage locations inside the CPU, e.g. PC, MAR, MDR, ACC. Memory trick: Registers are like the chef’s immediate workspace – the few ingredients right in front of them, rather than the walk‑in fridge.
寄存器：CPU内部极小且极快的存储单元，如PC、MAR、MDR、ACC。记忆技巧：寄存器就像主厨手边的工作台——只放当下要用的少量食材，而不是大冷库。
FDE Cycle (Fetch–Decode–Execute): The continuous loop the CPU runs. Memory trick: “Fetch your homework, decode the question, execute the answer.” Every instruction follows this mantra.
取指‑译码‑执行周期：CPU不断重复的循环。记忆技巧：“取作业、读懂题、写出答案”——每条指令都按这个口诀跑。
4. Memory & Storage | 存储器与存储设备
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, fast memory that holds data and programs currently in use. Memory trick: RAM is your desk – everything you are working on now, but cleared when you leave (power off).
随机存取存储器：易失性快速存储器，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序。记忆技巧：RAM是你的书桌——放着正在处理的东西，离开（断电）就清空。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non‑volatile memory that stores the boot‑up instructions (BIOS). Memory trick: ROM is the fire‑escape plan posted on the wall – always there, never changes, read‑only.
只读存储器：非易失性存储器，存放启动指令（BIOS）。记忆技巧：ROM就像墙上贴的逃生路线图——永远在那儿、从不改变、只读不看画。
Cache Memory: Extremely fast, small memory between CPU and RAM, storing frequently used data. Memory trick: A pocket notepad the chef uses for the most‑used orders – faster than walking to the shelf.
高速缓存：位于CPU和RAM之间的极快小容量存储器，存放常用数据。记忆技巧：如同主厨口袋里的便签本，记着最常点的菜——比走去架子快得多。
Virtual Memory: A section of the hard drive used as if it were RAM when RAM is full. Memory trick: When your desk is full, you start piling things onto the floor – it works, but is slower.
虚拟内存：当RAM满时，把硬盘的一部分当作RAM来用。记忆技巧：书桌堆满了，就往地板上摞——能用，但速度慢多了。
5. Software, OS & Language Translators | 软件、操作系统与语言翻译器
System Software vs Application Software: System software runs the computer itself (OS, utilities); application software lets users do tasks (word processor, browser). Memory trick: System software is the theatre’s backstage crew; application software is the performance you watch.
系统软件与应用软件：系统软件负责运行计算机本身（操作系统、工具软件）；应用软件让用户完成具体任务（文字处理、浏览器）。记忆技巧：系统软件是剧院的后台工作人员，应用软件是你看的演出。
Operating System (OS): Manages hardware, provides a user interface, handles multitasking, memory and file management. Memory trick: The OS is the hotel manager – allocating rooms (memory), handling guest requests (user interface), and keeping the lifts (multitasking) running.
操作系统：管理硬件、提供用户界面、处理多任务、内存和文件管理。记忆技巧：操作系统就像酒店经理——分配房间（内存），处理客人请求（用户界面），确保电梯（多任务）正常运行。
Compiler: Translates the entire high‑level language source code into machine code in one go, creating an executable file. Memory trick: A compiler is a translator who converts a whole novel overnight – you get the finished book the next day.
编译器：一次性将全部高级语言源代码翻译为机器码，生成可执行文件。记忆技巧：编译器像通宵翻译整本小说的翻译家——第二天你拿到完整的成书。
Interpreter: Translates and executes the source code line‑by‑line, without producing a standalone executable. Memory trick: An interpreter is a live‑translation assistant who whispers each sentence in your ear as it is spoken.
解释器：逐行翻译并执行源代码，不生成独立的可执行文件。记忆技巧：解释器如同同声传译——说话人讲一句，就给你翻译一句。
6. Networks & the Internet | 网络与互联网
LAN (Local Area Network): Small geographical area, e.g. a school or office building. Memory trick: LAN = “Local” – limited area, like a local coffee shop.
局域网：小地理范围内的网络，如学校或办公楼。记忆技巧：LAN就是“本地”（Local），范围有限，像一家本地咖啡店。
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographical area, e.g. the Internet. Memory trick: WAN = “Wide” – think world‑wide, connecting continents.
广域网：覆盖大地理范围，如互联网。记忆技巧：WAN就是“广”（Wide）——想象全球互联，跨越大洲。
Packet Switching: Data is split into packets, sent independently, and reassembled at the destination. Memory trick: Like posting a giant puzzle in separate envelopes with page numbers; the recipient uses the numbers to put it back together.
分组交换：数据被拆成分组，独立发送，在目的地重新组装。记忆技巧：就像把巨幅拼图分装在编了号的信封里寄出，收件人按编号复原。
Router: Connects different networks and directs data packets using IP addresses. Memory trick: A post‑office sorting machine that reads the destination postcode and sends each parcel down the correct route.
路由器：连接不同网络，利用IP地址引导数据分组。记忆技巧：像邮局的分拣机，读取收件邮编，把包裹送到正确的路线上。
Protocols (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TCP/IP): Agreed sets of rules for communication. Memory trick: Protocols are the “manners” of the digital world – you shake hands (TCP handshake) before talking, and use a secret code (HTTPS) for private conversations.
协议：通信的约定规则集。记忆技巧：协议就是数字世界的“礼仪”——说话前先握手（TCP三次握手），私聊要用密语（HTTPS加密）。
7. Cybersecurity Threats & Safeguards | 网络安全威胁与防护
Malware: Malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, and ransomware. Memory trick: Mal‑ware = “bad” + “software”. Think of a Trojan horse as a gift that opens the gates for enemies.
恶意软件：包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马、间谍软件和勒索软件。记忆技巧：mal‑ = 坏的，ware = 软件。特洛伊木马就像看似礼物，实际为敌人打开了城门。
Phishing: Fraudulent emails or websites that trick users into revealing personal information. Memory trick: “Fishing” for passwords – the attacker throws bait (fake email) and hopes someone bites.
网络钓鱼：伪造的邮件或网站，诱骗用户泄露个人信息。记忆技巧：就像“钓鱼”——攻击者抛出诱饵（伪造邮件），等人上钩。
DoS / DDoS Attack: Denial of Service floods a server with traffic to make it unavailable. Memory trick: A crowd of thousands forming a human wall in front of a shop – genuine customers can’t get in.
拒绝服务攻击：用海量流量淹没服务器使其瘫痪。记忆技巧：成千上万人在商店门口组成人墙——真正的顾客进不去。
Firewall: A barrier that monitors and filters incoming/outgoing traffic based on security rules. Memory trick: A bouncer at a club checking IDs and invitation – only allowed traffic passes.
防火墙：根据安全规则监视并过滤进出流量的屏障。记忆技巧：就像夜店门口的保安，检查身份证和邀请函——只有允许的流量才能通过。
Encryption (Symmetric & Asymmetric): Scrambling data with a key; symmetric uses a single shared key, asymmetric uses a key pair (public/private). Memory trick mmetric = a public postbox (anyone can drop mail) and a private key to open it (only you).
加密（对称与非对称）：用密钥打乱数据；对称加密使用同一个共享密钥，非对称加密使用密钥对（公钥/私钥）。记忆技巧：对称就像一把共用储物柜钥匙，双方都能锁和开。非对称就像公共邮箱（谁都能投信）加一把私人钥匙开箱（只有你能取）。
8. Algorithms & Pseudocode | 算法与伪代码
Algorithm: A step‑by‑step sequence of instructions to solve a problem. Memory trick: Think of a cooking recipe – precise steps that yield a predictable result.
算法：解决问题的一系列分步骤指令。记忆技巧：就像菜谱——按精确步骤得到可预期的结果。
Sequence, Selection, Iteration: The three building blocks of structured programming. Sequence is step‑by‑step; selection is decision‑making (IF...THEN...ELSE); iteration is loops (FOR, WHILE). Memory trick: “SSI” – Sequence is a straight road, Selection is a fork, Iteration is a roundabout.
顺序、选择、循环：结构化编程的三大基础构建块。顺序是逐步执行；选择是决策（IF...THEN...ELSE）；循环是重复（FOR、WHILE）。记忆技巧：“SSI”——顺序是笔直的路，选择是岔路口，循环是环岛。
Flowchart Symbols: Oval for start/end, rectangle for process, diamond for decision. Memory trick nning of life), rectangle = a box to do work, diamond = a question mark that splits paths.
流程图符号：椭圆表示开始/结束，矩形表示处理，菱形表示判断。记忆技巧：椭圆像鸡蛋（生命的开始），矩形是干活的箱子，菱形像个问号把路分开。
Trace Table: A manual method to track variable values step by step to test an algorithm. Memory trick: Like a detective’s timeline chart – record what changes at each moment to see where it went wrong.
跟踪表：手工逐行记录变量值以测试算法的方法。记忆技巧：就像侦探的时间线图表——记录每一刻的变化，找出哪里出了差错。
9. Programming Concepts & Data Types | 编程概念与数据类型
Variable & Constant: A variable’s value can change while the program runs; a constant remains the same. Memory trick that can be wiped and rewritten; constant = a permanent marker note on a laminated sheet.
变量与常量：变量的值在程序运行中可改变；常量保持不变。记忆技巧：变量是可擦写的白板；常量是过塑纸上永久记号笔写的便条。
Data Types: Integer (whole numbers), Real/Float (decimals), Char (single character), String (text), Boolean (true/false). Memory trick: “IRCSB” – l is the weight, Char is the first letter of its name, String is its full name, Boolean is “hungry=true/false”.
数据类型：整型（整数）、实型/浮点型（小数）、字符型（单个字符）、字符串型（文本）、布尔型（真/假）。记忆技巧：“IRCSB”——整型像狗的腿数，实型像体重，字符型像名字的首字母，字符串像全名，布尔型像“饿了=真/假”。
Array (1D & 2D): A data structure that stores multiple items of the same type under one name. 1D is a list; 2D is a table. Memory trick: A 1D array is a row of lockers; a 2D array is a wall of lockers like at a train station.
数组（一维与二维）：用一个名称存多个同类型项的数据结构。一维如列表；二维如表格。记忆技巧：一维数组是一排储物柜；二维数组像火车站的一整面储物柜墙。
Count‑controlled vs Condition‑controlled Loop: FOR loop runs a fixed number of times; WHILE/REPEAT…UNTIL loops run while a condition is true. Memory trick: Count‑controlled is a set of gym reps (do 10), condition‑controlled is “keep running until you reach the park”.
计数型循环与条件型循环：FOR循环按固定次数执行；WHILE或REPEAT…UNTIL在条件为真时运行。记忆技巧：计数型像健身做组（做10次），条件型像“一直跑到公园为止”。
10. Databases & SQL | 数据库与结构化查询语言
Flat‑file vs Relational Database: Flat‑file stores all data in a single table; relational splits data into linked tables to reduce redundancy. Memory trick: Flat‑file is a messy spreadsheet where everything is dumped; relational is a tidy set of linked index cards.
平面文件与关系数据库：平面文件将所有数据存于单表中；关系数据库将数据分散到链接的表中以减少冗余。记忆技巧：平面文件像一个大杂烩电子表格；关系数据库像一套互相索引的整洁卡片。
Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table. Memory trick: Your student ID number – no two students have the same one.
主键：表中每条记录的唯一标识。记忆技巧：就像你的学号——没有两个人相同。
Foreign Key: A primary key from another table, used to create a relationship. Memory trick: A visitor’s pass that references the student ID – it proves the link between two systems.
外键：来自另一张表的主键，用于建立联系。记忆技巧：就像访客证上引用了你的学号——证明两个系统间的关联。
SQL Queries (SELECT, FROM, WHERE): SELECT columns FROM table WHERE condition. Memory trick: Think of a librarian: “SELECT the book title FROM the catalogue WHERE the author is Orwell.”
SQL查询语句：SELECT 列 FROM 表 WHERE 条件。记忆技巧：像图书管理员说的：“从目录中 SELECT 书名，FROM 整个目录，WHERE 作者是奥威尔。”
11. Logic Gates & Truth Tables | 逻辑门与真值表
AND Gate: Output is 1 only if both inputs are 1. Memory trick: You can play outside if it is sunny AND you have finished homework – both conditions must be true.
与门：只有两个输入都为1时输出才为1。记忆技巧：如果天气晴朗 AND 你写完作业，才能出去玩——两个条件都要满足。
OR Gate: Output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Memory trick: You’ll be happy if you get chocolate OR ice cream – at least one is enough.
或门：只要至少一个输入为1，输出就为1。记忆技巧：如果你得到巧克力 OR 冰淇淋就会开心——至少有一个就行。
NOT Gate: Inverts the input (0 to 1, 1 to 0). Memory trick: The “contrarian” – whatever you say, it says the opposite.
非门：将输入取反（0变1，1变0）。记忆技巧：十足的“抬杠”——你说什么，它都说反话。
NAND & NOR: NAND is NOT AND – output 1 as long as inputs aren’t both 1. NOR is NOT OR – output 1 only when both inputs are 0. Memory trick: NAND = “Not ANDy”, refuses to give 1 only when both are 1. NOR = “Not ORlando” – never 1 if any input is 1.
与非门和或非门：NAND是NOT AND——只要输入不同时为1就输出1。NOR是NOT OR——仅当输入全为0时才输出1。记忆技巧：NAND叫“不与门”——只有两个都是1时才不给1。NOR叫“全零则喜”。
Truth Table: A table showing all possible input combinations and their corresponding outputs for a logic gate or circuit.
真值表：展示逻辑门或电路所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格。
| A | B | A AND B | A OR B |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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