📚 Year 10 SQA Spanish: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 SQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook compiles the essential 'formulas' of Spanish grammar that every Year 10 SQA student needs to master. From verb conjugation patterns to sentence structure rules, memorise these building blocks and apply them accurately in your writing and speaking assessments.
本速查手册汇总了每位 Year 10 SQA 学生必须掌握的西班牙语语法‘公式’。从动词变位规律到句子结构规则，牢记这些基本构件，并在写作和口语评估中准确运用它们。
1. Noun Gender and Number Formulas | 名词性与数公式
A Spanish noun is built from two key components: gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and those ending in -a are feminine. The plural is formed by adding -s if the word ends in a vowel, and -es if it ends in a consonant.
西班牙语名词由两个关键部分组成：性（阳性或阴性）和数（单数或复数）。大多数以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性，以 -a 结尾的是阴性。复数构成规则：以元音结尾加 -s，以辅音结尾加 -es。
There are predictable exceptions: nouns ending in -z change the -z to -c and add -es (lápiz → lápices). Nouns ending in -ión add -es and lose the written accent (lección → lecciones).
也有可预见的例外：以 -z 结尾的名词将 -z 变为 -c 再加 -es（lápiz → lápices）。以 -ión 结尾的名词加 -es 并去掉书面重音（lección → lecciones）。
To apply the formula, always check the gender of the noun in a dictionary and make sure any accompanying articles or adjectives match both gender and number.
运用此公式时，务必在字典中查清名词的性，并确保所有冠词和形容词都与该名词的性与数保持一致。
2. Articles and Adjective Agreement Formulas | 冠词与形容词一致性公式
The definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an/some) must match the gender and number of the noun. The adjective formula follows the same rule: the adjective's ending changes to reflect masculine/feminine and singular/plural.
定冠词与不定冠词必须与名词的性数一致。形容词公式也遵循同一规则：形容词的词尾变化以反映阳性/阴性和单数/复数。
| Number | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | el / un | la / una |
| Plural | los / unos | las / unas |
For adjectives, most end in -o for masculine singular (blanco) and change to -a for feminine singular (blanca). Add -s for plural: blancos / blancas. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually have the same form for masculine and feminine, and add -es for plural (interesante → interesantes).
对于形容词，大多数以 -o 结尾表示阳性单数（blanco），变为 -a 表示阴性单数（blanca）。复数加 -s：blancos / blancas。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常阳性和阴性同形，复数加 -es（interesante → interesantes）。
Position: descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun (una casa grande), while limiting adjectives like numbers go before (dos casas). This word-order formula reinforces natural Spanish rhythm.
位置：描述性形容词通常放在名词后面（una casa grande），而数量等限定形容词放在前面（dos casas）。这种词序公式强化了西班牙语的自然节奏。
3. Ser and Estar: The Two 'To Be' Formulas | 系动词 ser 和 estar 公式
Both ser and estar mean 'to be', but they follow different formulas based on meaning. Use ser for permanent or defining characteristics: identity, origin, time, occupation, and personality traits. Use estar for temporary states, locations, conditions, and the progressive form.
ser 和 estar 都表示‘是’，但根据含义遵循不同公式。ser 用于永久性或定义性特征：身份、来源、时间、职业和性格特点。estar 用于暂时状态、位置、状况以及进行时态。
Mnemonic for ser – DOCTOR: Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relation. Mnemonic for estar – PLACE: Position, Location, Action (-ing), Condition, Emotion. These formulas help you choose the correct verb under exam pressure.
ser 的助记符 – DOCTOR：描述、职业、特征、时间、来源、关系。estar 的助记符 – PLACE：位置、地点、正在进行的动作、状况、情绪。这些公式能帮助你在考试压力下选择正确的动词。
Compare: 'Él es aburrido' (He is boring – a permanent personality) vs 'Él está aburrido' (He is bored – a temporary state). The adjective changes meaning depending on the verb.
对比：‘Él es aburrido’（他很无聊 – 永久性格）vs ‘Él está aburrido’（他觉得无聊 – 暂时状态）。形容词的含义随动词改变。
4. Regular Verb Conjugation: Present Tense Formulas | 规则动词现在时变位公式
Regular present tense verbs are built with the stem (infinitive minus ending) plus a set ending from one of three patterns: -ar, -er, or -ir. The conjugation formula is: stem + ending for the subject.
规则现在时动词的构成：词干（原形去掉词尾）加上三种模式之一的固定词尾：-ar、-er 或 -ir。变位公式为：词干 + 对应主语的词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o (hablo) | -o (como) | -o (vivo) |
| tú | -as (hablas) | -es (comes) | -es (vives) |
| él/ella/usted | -a (habla) | -e (come) | -e (vive) |
| nosotros/as | -amos (hablamos) | -emos (comemos) | -imos (vivimos) |
| vosotros/as | -áis (habláis) | -éis (coméis) | -ís (vivís) |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an (hablan) | -en (comen) | -en (viven) |
Notice that -er and -ir share the same endings except for nosotros and vosotros forms. The heavy stress falls on the stem for yo and on the ending for tú, él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes. Applying this formula consistently allows you to conjugate thousands of regular verbs.
注意 -er 和 -ir 除了 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式外词尾相同。重音在 yo 形式中落在词干上，在 tú、él/ella/usted 和 ellos/ellas/ustedes 形式中落在词尾。持续运用此公式使你能够变位数千个规则动词。
5. Stem-Changing Verbs: The Boot Formula | 词干变化动词（靴形规则）
Stem-changing verbs follow the same ending pattern as regular verbs, but the stem vowel changes in all forms except nosotros and vosotros, creating a 'boot' shape in the conjugation chart. The main changes are e → ie, o → ue, and e → i.
词干变化动词沿用规则动词的词尾模式，但词干元音在除 nosotros 和 vosotros 外的所有形式中发生变化，在变位表中形成“靴形”。主要变化有 e → ie、o → ue 和 e → i。
e → ie: pensar → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan. o → ue: dormir → duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen. e → i: pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedí ify the stem vowel, apply the change to the boot forms, leave nosotros/vosotros unchanged.
e → ie：pensar → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan。o → ue：dormir → duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen。e → i：pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden。公式：识别词干元音，对靴形形式施加变化，nosotros/vosotros 保持不变。
There are also verbs with a spelling change only in the yo form for phonetic reasons, such as -ger/gir → -jo (escoger → escojo) and -guir → -go (seguir → sigo). Treat these as a separate mini-formula.
还有一些动词出于语音原因仅在 yo 形式有拼写变化，例如 -ger/gir → -jo（escoger → escojo）和 -guir → -go（seguir → sigo）。将这些视为一个单独的迷你公式。
6. Irregular Yo Forms and Key Irregular Verbs | 不规则“我”形式与关键不规则动词
Some of the most common Spanish verbs have an irregular first-person singular (yo) form, while the rest of the conjugation may follow a familiar pattern. Memorise these high-frequency yo forms as essential formulas: tener → tengo, venir → vengo, decir → digo, hacer → hago, poner → pongo, salir → salgo, traer → traigo, saber → sé, conocer → conozco.
一些最常用的西班牙语动词有不规则的第一人称单数（yo）形式，而其余变位可能遵循熟悉模式。将这些高频 yo 形式作为关键公式熟记：tener → tengo、venir → vengo、decir → digo、hacer → hago、poner → pongo、salir → salgo、traer → traigo、saber → sé、conocer → conozco。
Completely irregular verbs like ser, estar, ir, and ver need to be memorised independently. Ser: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son. Estar: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están. Ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Ver: veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven. Treat each verb as its own separate formula.
完全不规则动词如 ser、estar、ir 和 ver，需要独立记忆。Ser：soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son。Estar：estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están。Ir：voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van。Ver：veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven。将每个动词视为各自的独立公式。
7. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns: Placement Formulas | 直接与间接宾语代词位置公式
Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) answer 'what?' or 'whom?'. Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) answer 'to whom?' or 'for whom?'. The general placement formula is: pronoun(s) before the conjugated verb, or attached to an infinitive or gerund.
直接宾语代词（me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las）回答“什么？”或“谁？”。间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）回答“给谁？”或“为谁？”。一般位置公式是：代词放在变位动词之前，或附着在动词原形或副动词之后。
When both pronouns appear, the indirect object pronoun comes first: indirect + direct + verb. If both pronouns start with 'l', the indirect pronoun le or les changes to se to avoid the 'le lo' clash: Le doy el libro → Se lo doy.
当两个代词同时出现时，间接宾语代词在前：间接 + 直接 + 动词。如果两个代词都以 ‘l’ 开头，间接代词 le 或 les 变为 se 以避免 ‘le lo’ 冲突：Le doy el libro → Se lo doy。
With infitives: 'Voy a comprarlo' or 'Lo voy a comprar' oth correct. The attached form must add a written accent if the stress shifts: comprar → cómpralo. These positioning rules act as a reliable sentence-building formula.
与动词原形连用时：‘Voy a comprarlo’ 或 ‘Lo voy a comprar’ 均正确。如果重音转移，附加形式必须添加书面重音：comprar → cómpralo。这些位置规则是可靠的造句公式。
8. Reflexive Verbs Formula | 反身动词公式
Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject performs the action on itself and use reflexive pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, se. The pronoun matches the subject and follows the same placement rules as object pronouns. The verb is conjugated normally.
反身动词表示主语对自己执行动作，并使用反身代词：me, te, se, nos, os, se。代词与主语匹配，并遵循与宾语代词相同的位置规则。动词正常变位。
Common reflexive verbs: levantarse (to get up), ducharse (to shower), vestirse (to get dressed). Formula: (reflexive pronoun) + conjugated verb, e.g. 'Me levanto a las siete'. With an infinitive: 'Voy a levantarme' or 'Me voy a levantar'. Always keep the pronoun and subject aligned.
常见反身动词：levantarse（起床）、ducharse（淋浴）、vestirse（穿衣服）。公式：（反身代词）+ 变位动词，如 ‘Me levanto a las siete’。与动词原形连用：‘Voy a levantarme’ 或 ‘Me voy a levantar’。始终保持代词与主语一致。
Some verbs change meaning when used reflexively: ir (to go) vs irse (to leave), dormir (to sleep) vs dormirse (to fall asleep). Recognising the reflexive 'se' as a meaning-changer is a crucial exam formula.
有些动词用作反身时含义改变：ir（去）vs irse（离开），dormir（睡觉）vs dormirse（入睡）。识别反身 ‘se’ 作为含义改变标记是关键的应试公式。
9. The Near Future: ir a + infinitive | 最近将来时公式
To talk about what is going to happen, Spanish uses the formula: present tense of ir + a + infinitive. It is one of the simplest and most useful tense formulas for Year 10 learners, equivalent to 'going to do something' in English.
要表达即将发生的事，西班牙语使用公式：ir 的现在时 + a + 动词原形。这是对于 Year 10 学习者最简单、最有用的时态公式之一，相当于英语的 ‘going to do something’。
The conjugation of ir must be accurate: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Then simply add 'a' and the infinitive. Example: Voy a estudiar (I am going to study), Vamos a comer (We are going to eat). This formula never changes the infinitive.
ir 的变位必须准确：voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van。然后只需加上 ‘a’ 和动词原形。例句：Voy a estudiar（我打算学习），Vamos a comer（我们要去吃饭）。此公式从不改变动词原形。
Object and reflexive pronouns can be placed before the conjugated ir or attached to the infinitive: 'Lo voy a hacer' or 'Voy a hacerlo'. The formula remains flexible while keeping the infinitive intact.
宾语和反身代词可以放在变位 ir 之前，或附着在动词原形之后：‘Lo voy a hacer’ 或 ‘Voy a hacerlo’。公式保持灵活，同时让动词原形保持不变。
10. Gustar and Similar Verbs: The Backwards Formula | gustar 类动词倒置公式
Verbs like gustar (to like) follow a logical but structurally different formula: indirect object pronoun + verb (singular or plural) + subject. The thing being liked is the grammatical subject, and the person is the indirect object. This 'backwards' construction is vital for natural expression.
gustar（喜欢）这类动词遵循逻辑上但结构不同的公式：间接宾语代词 + 动词（单数或复数）+ 主语。被喜欢的事物是语法主语，而人是间接宾语。这种“倒置”结构对于自然表达至关重要。
Formula examples: Me gusta el libro (I like the book – literally 'the book pleases me'). Me gustan los libros (I like the books). The verb agrees with the thing(s) that follow. Memorise the indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, os, les.
公式示例：Me gusta el libro（我喜欢这本书 – 字面意思‘这本书使我喜欢’）。Me gustan los libros（我喜欢这些书）。动词与后面的事物单复数一致。熟记间接宾语代词：me, te, le, nos, os, les。
Other verbs that work the same way: encantar (love), interesar (interest), aburrir (bore), fascinar (fascinate). To emphasize or clarify, add 'a + person': A mí me gusta, a Juan le encanta. This reinforces the object of the liking.
其他同样用法的动词：encantar（极其喜爱）、interesar（使感兴趣）、aburrir（使厌烦）、fascinar（使着迷）。为强调或澄清，可加上 ‘a + 人’：A mí
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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