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French Grammar Quick Reference Handbook | 法语语法速查手册

2026-07-20 15:49 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 French Grammar Quick Reference Handbook | 法语语法速查手册

Welcome to your Year 10 SQA French grammar quick reference handbook. This guide gathers the essential "formulas" you will need to read, write, listen and speak with confidence. Use it to check verb conjugation patterns, agreement rules and sentence structures at a glance, so you can apply them accurately in your assessments.

欢迎使用你的SQA十年级法语语法速查手册。本指南汇集了你需要掌握的核心“公式”,帮助你在听说读写中自信运用法语。你可以随时查阅动词变位模式、配合规则和句子结构,确保在考试和作业中准确应用。

1. Regular -ER Verbs (Present Tense) | 规则-ER动词(现在时)

Regular -ER verbs form the largest group of French verbs. To conjugate them in the present tense, take the infinitive, remove the -er to find the stem, then add the appropriate endings.

规则-ER动词是法语中最大的一类动词。在现在时变位时,去掉词尾的-er得到词干,然后加上对应的词尾即可。

Subject pronounEndingExample: parler (to speak)
je-eje parle
tu-estu parles
il/elle/on-eil parle
nous-onsnous parlons
vous-ezvous parlez
ils/elles-entils parlent

Note that the -ent ending of ils/elles is silent, so 'ils parlent' sounds identical to 'il parle'. This rule applies to all regular -ER verbs.

注意ils/elles的词尾-ent不发音,所以ils parlent和il parle发音完全相同。这一规则适用于所有规则-ER动词。

xtra e in the nous form → nous mangeons. Verbs ending in -cer (like commencer) change c to ç in the nous form → nous commençons.

部分-ER动词会有拼写变化以保持发音一致。以-ger结尾的动词(如manger)在nous变位中多加一个e → nous mangeons。以-cer结尾的动词(如commencer)在nous变位中将c变为ç → nous commençons。


2. Regular -IR and -RE Verbs | 规则-IR和-RE动词

Regular -IR verbs follow a different pattern. Remove the -ir to find the stem, then add the endings -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. Here is finir (to finish): je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent.

规则-IR动词遵循不同模式。去掉-ir得到词干,再加上词尾-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。例如finir(完成):je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent。

Regular -RE verbs have their own endings. Remove the -re to get the stem, then add -s, -s, nothing, -ons, -ez, -ent. For vendre (to sell): je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent. The il/elle form has no ending added.

规则-RE动词有其专属词尾。去掉-re得到词干,再依次加上-s, -s, (无词尾), -ons, -ez, -ent。以vendre(卖)为例:je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent。il/elle形式不额外添加词尾。

It is important to memorise these three main groups separately, as they cover the vast majority of French verbs you will use at Year 10 level.

你需要分别记忆这三组主要动词变位,它们涵盖了SQA十年级阶段你会用到的大部分法语动词。


3. Key Irregular Verbs: Être, Avoir, Aller, Faire | 关键不规则动词:être, avoir, aller, faire

Four irregular verbs form the backbone of many tenses and expressions. You must learn their present tense forms by heart.

这四个不规则动词是许多时态和表达的基础,你必须熟记它们的现在时变位。

être (to be): je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont

être(是): je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont

avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont

avoir(有): j'ai, tu as, il/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont

aller (to go): je vais, tu vas, il/elle/on va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont

aller(去): je vais, tu vas, il/elle/on va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont

faire (to do/make): je fais, tu fais, il/elle/on fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font

faire(做): je fais, tu fais, il/elle/on fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font

These verbs are used to build the near future (aller + infinitive), the passé composé (avoir/être as auxiliaries), and many set phrases like avoir faim, faire attention.

这些动词用于构成最近将来时(aller + 不定式)、复合过去时(avoir/être作助动词)以及许多固定短语,如avoir faim(饿)、faire attention(注意)。


4. The Near Future (Futur Proche) | 最近将来时

The near future is formed with the present tense of aller + an infinitive. It expresses what is going to happen soon.

最近将来时由aller的现在时加上一个动词不定式构成,表示即将发生的事情。

Subject + conjugated form of aller + infinitive

主语 + aller的现在时变位 + 不定式

Examples: Je vais regarder un film. (I am going to watch a film.) Nous allons visiter Paris. (We are going to visit Paris.)

示例:Je vais regarder un film.(我打算看电影。)Nous allons visiter Paris.(我们将游览巴黎。)


5. The Passé Composé with Avoir | 以Avoir作助动词的复合过去时

Most verbs use avoir as the auxiliary in the passé composé. The structure is subject + present tense of avoir + past participle.

大多数动词在复合过去时中以avoir作助动词。结构为主语 + avoir的现在时 + 过去分词。

Subject + avoir (present) + past participle

主语 + avoir现在时 + 过去分词

Past participle formation rules: -ER verbs → é (parler → parlé vendre → vendu). Many common verbs have irregular past participles that must be memorised.

过去分词构成规则:-ER动词 → é(parler → parlé),-IR动词 → i(finir → fini),-RE动词 → u(vendre → vendu)。许多常用动词有不规则的过去分词,需要专门记忆。

InfinitivePast participle
avoireu
êtreété
fairefait
prendrepris
voirvu
lirelu
mettremis
diredit

When using avoir, the past participle does not agree with the subject. However, if a direct object comes before the verb, the past participle agrees with that direct object in gender and number.

使用avoir时,过去分词不与主语配合。但如果直接宾语位于动词之前,过去分词须与该直接宾语的性和数配合。


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6. The Passé Composé with Être | 以Être作助动词的复合过去时

A small group of verbs (often called 'Dr & Mrs Vandertramp' verbs) use être as the auxiliary. These are mainly verbs of movement or staying. Common ones: aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, rester, tomber, retourner, passer.

一小部分动词(常被称为“Dr & Mrs Vandertramp”动词)使用être作助动词,主要是表示移动或停留的动词。常见的有:aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, rester, tomber, retourner, passer。

Subject + être (present) + past participle

主语 + être现在时 + 过去分词

The crucial rule is that the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. Add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural. Example: Elle est allée. Ils sont partis.

关键规则:过去分词必须与主语保持性和数的一致。阴性加-e,复数加-s,阴性复数加-es。例如:Elle est allée. Ils sont partis.


7. Noun Gender and Articles | 名词性别与冠词

Every French noun is either masculine or feminine, and this gender determines the article used. There are patterns (e.g. nouns ending in -tion are usually feminine), but gender must often be learned with the noun.

每个法语名词都有阴阳性之分,性别决定了所使用的冠词。虽然存在一些规律(如以-tion结尾的名词通常为阴性),但性别通常需要随名词一起记忆。

TypeMasculineFeminine
Definite (the)le / l'la / l'
Indefinite (a/an)unune
Plural (the/some)lesles

Before a vowel or silent h, le and la become l'. The indefinite plural is des. Partitive articles (du, de la, de l', des) express some or any, e.g. du pain, de la confiture.

在元音或不发音的h前,le和la缩合成l'。复数不定冠词为des。部分冠词(du, de la, de l', des)表示“一些”,例如du pain(一些面包),de la confiture(一些果酱)。


8. Adjective Agreement | 形容词配合

French adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. The basic rule: add -e to make most adjectives feminine, add -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural.

法语形容词必须与它所修饰的名词在性和数上保持一致。基本规则:大多数形容词变阴性时加-e,变复数时加-s,阴性复数加-es。

MasculineFeminineMeaning
petitpetitesmall
grandgrandetall/big
françaisfrançaiseFrench
bonbonnegood
beaubellebeautiful

placed after the noun, but a few common ones (beau, bon, petit, grand, jeune, vieux) come before the noun.

部分形容词的阴性形式不规则,例如gros → grosse,heureux → heureuse。大多数形容词放在名词之后,但一些常用形容词(beau, bon, petit, grand, jeune, vieux)放在名词之前。

Colour adjectives also agree, unless they are derived from a noun, like marron (chestnut) and orange, which remain invariable: des chaussures marron.

颜色形容词一般也需要配合,但由名词演变而来的颜色词(如marron栗色、orange橙色)保持不变:des chaussures marron(棕色鞋子)。


9. Negation: ne … pas and Other Negative Expressions | 否定结构:ne…pas及其他否定表达

The basic negation wraps the verb with ne … pas. In the present tense, place ne before the conjugated verb and pas after it. If the verb starts with a vowel, ne becomes n'.

基本否定结构将动词包裹在ne…pas之间。在现在时中,ne放在变位动词前,pas放在其后。如果动词以元音开头,ne缩写成n'。

Subject + ne + conjugated verb + pas

主语 + ne + 变位动词 + pas

Example: Je parle → Je ne parle pas. Il aime → Il n'aime pas. In compound tenses, ne … pas goes around the auxiliary: Je n'ai pas mangé.

示例:Je parle → Je ne parle pas. Il aime → Il n'aime pas. 在复合时态中,ne…pas围绕助动词:Je n'ai pas mangé(我没吃)。

Other negatives work similarly: ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (nobody). Note that personne is placed after the past participle: Je n'ai vu personne.

其他否定结构用法类似:ne…jamais(从不),ne…plus(不再),ne…rien(没有什么),ne…personne(没有人)。注意personne放在过去分词之后:Je n'ai vu personne.


10. Direct Object Pronouns (le, la, les) | 直接宾语代词

Direct object pronouns replace a direct object noun to avoid repetition. They agree in gender and number with the noun they replace and are placed directly before the conjugated verb.

直接宾语代词用来代替直接宾语名词以避免重复。它们与替代的名词保持性和数的一致,并直接放在变位动词之前。

Noun typePronoun
Masculine singular (le)le / l'
Feminine singular (la)la / l'
Plural (les)les

Example: Tu regardes le film? → Oui, je le regarde. In the passé composé the past participle must agree with a preceding direct object pronoun: Tu as lu la lettre? → Oui, je l'ai lue.

示例:Tu regardes le film? → Oui, je le regarde. 在复合过去时中,如果直接宾语代词在动词之前,过去分词必须与之配合:Tu as lu la lettre? → Oui, je l'ai lue.


11. Forming Questions | 提问方法

There are three main ways to ask a question in French. You can use rising intonation (simply raising your voice at the end), the phrase 'est-ce que', or inversion.

法语中有三种主要提问方式:使用升调(句尾音调上扬)、使用短语est-ce que以及主谓倒装。

MethodExample with 'Tu aimes le chocolat'
IntonationTu aimes le chocolat? ↗
Est-ce queEst-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?
InversionAimes-tu le chocolat?

Inversion is more formal and involves swapping the subject and verb, connected by a hyphen. If the verb ends in a vowel and the pronoun starts with one, a -t- is inserted: parle-t-il?.

倒装较为正式,需要将主语和动词颠倒位置并用连字符连接。如果动词以元音结尾而代词以元音开头,需插入-t-:parle-t-il?

Question words such as où (where), quand (when), comment (how), pourquoi (why) and qui (who) can be placed at the beginning, followed by est-ce que or inversion. Ex: Où habites-tu? / Où est-ce que tu habites?

疑问词如où(哪里)、quand(何时)、comment(如何)、pourquoi(为什么)和qui(谁)可以放在句首,后面接est-ce que或倒装句式。例如:Où habites-tu? / Où est-ce que tu habites?

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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