📚 CIE IGCSE Geography: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | CIE IGCSE地理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the specific terminology is essential for achieving a high grade in CIE IGCSE Geography. This guide selects the most frequently examined terms across physical and human geography, providing clear definitions in both English and Chinese to help you quickly memorise and apply them effectively in long-answer and case-study questions.
掌握专业术语是在 CIE IGCSE 地理中取得高分的关键。本指南精选自然地理和人文地理中最常考查的词汇，以清晰的中英双语定义帮助你快速记忆，并能在论述题与案例题中准确运用。
1. River Processes and Landforms | 河流过程与地貌
Abrasion (Corrasion) – the process by which the river’s load of rocks and sediment grinds against the bed and banks, eroding them like sandpaper.
磨蚀作用 – 河流携带的岩石和沉积物像砂纸一样磨刮河床与河岸，从而产生侵蚀。
Hydraulic action – the sheer force of moving water breaks rock particles away from the river channel; air may be trapped in cracks, intensifying the pressure.
水力作用 – 流水巨大的冲击力使岩石颗粒从河道上剥离；空气被压入裂隙，加大侵蚀压力。
Attrition – rocks and pebbles carried by the river collide and break into smaller, smoother pieces, reducing their size.
磨圆作用 – 河流搬运的岩石和卵石相互碰撞并破碎，变得更小、更光滑。
Solution (Corrosion) – the chemical action of slightly acidic river water dissolving minerals such as limestone from the bed and banks.
溶蚀作用 – 微酸性的河水通过化学作用溶解河床和河岸中的石灰岩等矿物。
Suspension – a method of transportation where fine, light particles (silt and clay) are carried along within the body of the water.
悬移 – 一种搬运方式，细小的轻颗粒（泥沙、黏土）在水流中悬浮移动。
Oxbow lake – a crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main channel by deposition narrowing the neck and a new, straightened course developing.
牛轭湖 – 当曲流的颈部因沉积作用变窄并最终被截断，河道取直后留下的月牙形湖泊。
2. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸过程与地貌
Longshore drift – the zigzag movement of sediment along a coastline caused by waves approaching at an angle, swashing material up and backwashing it straight down.
沿岸漂移 – 波浪以斜角逼近海岸，前冲流将沉积物带上滩，回流垂直带下，形成锯齿状沿岸输送。
Destructive waves – high-energy waves with a strong backwash that erode beach material and have a short wavelength and high frequency.
破坏性波浪 – 高能量的波浪，回流强劲，侵蚀海滩物质，波长短、频率高。
Constructive waves – low-energy waves with a strong swash that deposits material, building up the beach; they have a long wavelength and low frequency.
建设性波浪 – 低能量波浪，前冲流强劲，沉积物质、营造海滩；波长较长、频率较低。
Stack – an isolated column of rock in the sea formed when an arch collapses; it stands separate from the headland.
海蚀柱 – 海蚀拱顶部坍塌后留在海中的孤立岩柱，与岬角分开。
Spit – a long, narrow accumulation of sand or shingle extending from the coast into the sea, often ending in a curved recurved tip due to changing wave direction.
沙嘴 – 由泥沙或卵石组成的长窄形堆积地貌，一端连接海岸，另一端伸入海中，常因波浪方向变化而成反弯状。
Managed retreat – a coastal management strategy allowing controlled flooding of low-value land to protect more valuable areas further inland, creating new saltmarshes.
有管理后退 – 一种海岸管理策略，允许低价值土地受控淹没，以保护内陆更重要区域，同时形成新盐沼。
3. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Convectional rainfall – precipitation caused when the sun heats the ground, warm air rises, cools, and condenses into cumulonimbus clouds, often leading to heavy afternoon thunderstorms.
对流雨 – 太阳加热地面，暖湿空气上升冷却凝结成积雨云，常导致午后强雷雨的降水类型。
Relief (orographic) rainfall – occurs when moist air is forced to rise over high land, cools at the dew point, and releases precipitation on the windward slope, leaving a rain shadow on the leeward side.
地形雨 – 潮湿空气被地形抬升，在露点冷却，在迎风坡形成降水，背风坡则形成雨影区。
Anticyclone – a high-pressure weather system where air sinks, giving clear skies, calm conditions, and extreme temperatures – hot in summer and cold in winter.
反气旋 – 高压天气系统，空气下沉，带来晴空、微风及极端气温：夏季炎热、冬季寒冷。
Depression – a low-pressure system where warm and cold air masses meet along fronts, bringing unsettled weather, strong winds, and bands of rain.
气旋/低压 – 低压系统，冷暖气团沿锋面相遇，带来不稳定天气、强风和阵性降水。
Prevailing wind – the most frequent wind direction experienced in a location over a period, strongly influencing climate and ocean currents.
盛行风 – 一地在一段时期最常见的风向，对气候和洋流有重要影响。
Dew point – the temperature at which the air becomes saturated and water vapour begins to condense into liquid water, forming cloud or dew.
露点 – 空气达到饱和，水汽开始凝结成液态水并形成云或露的温度。
4. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系
Ecosystem – a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
生态系统 – 由生物群落与其非生物环境通过物质循环和能量流动相互作用构成的统一整体。
Food web – a network of interconnected food chains showing the complex feeding relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers.
食物网 – 由多条相互联系的食物链组成的网络，显示生产者、消费者和分解者之间复杂的取食关系。
Biomass – the total mass of living organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time, usually expressed as dry weight per unit area.
生物量 – 在特定时间、特定区域内所有活生物体的总质量，通常以单位面积干重表示。
Tropical rainforest – a biome near the equator with high temperatures, high annual rainfall, and the greatest biodiversity; characterised by layered vegetation and rapid nutrient cycling.
热带雨林 – 靠近赤道的生物群系，全年高温多雨，生物多样性最高；具有分层植被和快速的养分循环特征。
Leaching – the process by which soluble nutrients are washed down through the soil by rainfall, often leading to poor, acidic soils in humid environments.
淋溶作用 – 可溶性营养物随降雨向下淋洗穿过土壤的过程，常导致湿润环境的土壤贫瘠酸化。
Xerophyte – a plant specially adapted to survive in dry conditions, with features such as thick waxy cuticles, deep roots, and water-storing tissues.
旱生植物 – 适应干旱环境的植物，具有厚蜡质角质层、深根系和储水组织等特征。
5. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Crude birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people in a population per year.
粗出生率 – 每年每千人口中的活产婴儿数。
Crude death rate – the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year.
粗死亡率 – 每年每千人口中的死亡人数。
Natural increase – the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, usually expressed as a percentage or per 1000.
自然增长率 – 出生率与死亡率之差，通常以百分比或千分比表示。
Infant mortality rate – the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a year; a key indicator of healthcare quality.
婴儿死亡率 – 每年每千例活产中一岁以内婴儿的死亡数，是衡量卫生保健水平的关键指标。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – a model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops through five stages, from high fluctuating to low fluctuating rates.
人口转变模型 – 显示一国在发展过程中出生率和死亡率如何历经五个阶段变化的模型，从高位波动到低位波动。
Population pyramid – a graphical illustration showing the age and sex distribution of a population, which indicates the stage of development and potential future trends.
人口金字塔 – 展示人口年龄与性别分布的图形，可反映国家的发展阶段和未来潜在趋势。
6. Settlement and Urbanisation | 聚落与城市化
Urbanisation – the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities.
城市化 – 一国人口中越来越多的人居住在城镇和城市的过程。
Megacity – a metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people, often characterised by rapid growth and significant challenges.
巨型城市 – 总人口超过一千万的大都市区，通常以快速增长和严峻挑战为特征。
Central Business District (CBD) – the commercial and economic core of a city, characterised by high land values, tall buildings, and high accessibility from transport hubs.
中央商务区 – 城市的商业经济核心，地价昂贵，高层建筑密集，交通通达性极高。
Green belt – an area of largely undeveloped, protected land surrounding an urban area, designed to prevent urban sprawl and provide recreational space.
绿化带 – 城市周边受保护的大片未开发土地，旨在控制城市无序蔓延并提供休闲空间。
Squatter settlement – an informal housing area, often on the periphery of a city in developing countries, built on land not legally owned or rented, with inadequate services.
棚户区/贫民窟 – 常见于发展中国家城市边缘的非正规居住区，建在未合法拥有或租用的土地上，基础设施和服务严重不足。
Urbanisation of suburbs – the growth and consolidation of residential areas on the outskirts of a city, often leading to increased commuting and a blurring of urban-rural boundaries.
郊区城市化 – 城市外围居住区的发展与整合，常导致通勤量增加和城乡界限模糊。
7. Plate Tectonics and Hazards | 板块构造与灾害
Plate boundary – the margin where two tectonic plates meet; the three main types are constructive, destructive, and conservative, each associated with distinct hazards.
板块边界 – 两个构造板块相接的边缘；主要类型为建设型、破坏型和保守型，各自伴随不同的灾害。
Subduction zone – a destructive boundary where an oceanic plate sinks beneath a continental or another oceanic plate, generating deep ocean trenches and volcanic arcs.
俯冲带 – 海洋板块俯冲到大陆板块或另一海洋板块之下的破坏型边界，形成深海沟和火山弧。
Richter scale – a logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves; each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in amplitude.
里氏震级 – 根据地震波振幅衡量地震强度的对数标度；每增加一级，振幅增加十倍。
Focus (hypocentre) – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates; its depth influences the intensity of surface shaking.
震源 – 地球内部发生地震的初始点，其深度影响地面的震动强度。
Pyroclastic flow – a fast-moving current of extremely hot gas, ash, and volcanic fragments that flows down the sides of a volcano, one of the deadliest volcanic hazards.
火山碎屑流 – 由极热气体、火山灰和碎屑组成的快速流动的混合物，沿火山坡奔腾而下，是最致命的火山灾害之一。
Lahar – a destructive mudflow composed of volcanic debris and water, often triggered by heavy rainfall or melting snow on a volcano's slopes.
火山泥流 – 由火山碎屑与水混合形成的破坏性泥流，常由火山坡上的强降雨或融雪诱发。
8. Economic Activity and Development | 经济活动与发展
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year, commonly used as a measure of economic size.
国内生产总值 – 一国一年内生产的所有最终商品和服务的总价值，常用于衡量经济规模。
Human Development Index (HDI) – a composite index measuring life expectancy, education, and per capita income to assess a country's level of social and economic development.
人类发展指数 – 综合预期寿命、教育和人均收入三个维度的指数，用以评估一国的社会经济发展水平。
Quaternary sector – the economic sector focused on knowledge-based activities such as research and development, financial planning, and information technology.
第四产业 – 以知识为基础的经济部门，关注研发、金融规划和信息技术等活动。
Globalisation – the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through trade, investment, migration, and the flow of ideas and technology.
全球化 – 各国通过贸易、投资、移民以及观念技术流动而日益紧密相连和相互依存的过程。
Informal sector – unofficial, unregulated, and untaxed economic activities not included in official statistics, common in many developing countries.
非正规部门 – 未登记、未受监管、不纳税的经济活动，不计入官方统计，常见于许多发展中国家。
Trade deficit – a situation where a country's imports exceed its exports, resulting in a net outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.
贸易逆差 – 一国的进口额超过出口额，导致本国货币净流向国外市场的情况。
9. Resource Management | 资源管理
Renewable resources – natural resources that can be replenished on a human timescale, such as solar energy, wind, and biomass, provided they are not exploited faster than they regenerate.
可再生资源 – 在人类时间尺度上可自然补充的资源，如太阳能、风能、生物质，前提是开发速度不超过再生速度。
Non-renewable resources – finite resources that exist in fixed amounts and are consumed faster than they are formed, including fossil fuels and minerals.
不可再生资源 – 储量固定、消耗速度远大于形成速度的有限资源，例如化石燃料和矿产。
Water stress – a condition where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period, or poor quality restricts its use; measured as below 1700 m³ per person per year.
水资源压力 – 需水量超过可用量，或水质差限制使用的状况；通常以人均年水资源量低于1700立方米来衡量。
Food security – when all people at all times have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs.
粮食安全 – 所有人在任何时候都能在物质、社会和经济上获得充足、安全和有营养的食物，满足膳食需求。
Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) – a technique extracting natural gas from shale rock by injecting high-pressure water, chemicals, and sand; controversial due to groundwater contamination and minor earthquakes.
水力压裂法 – 通过注入高压水、化学品和砂从页岩中提取天然气的方法，因可能污染地下水和引发微小地震而备受争议。
Carbon sink – a natural reservoir, such as forests and oceans, that absorbs and stores more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases.
碳汇 – 从大气中吸收并储存的二氧化碳多于其释放的自然储存库，如森林和海洋。
10. Map Skills and Fieldwork | 地图技能与野外考察
Contour line – a line on a topographic map joining points of equal elevation; closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes, while widely spaced contours indicate gentle slopes.
等高线 – 地形图上连接海拔相等点的线条；等高线密集表示陡坡，稀疏表示缓坡。
Four-figure grid reference – a method of locating a grid square on a map, using the easting first, then the northing (e.g., 3452).
四位数字坐标 – 用先东向后北向的数字确定地图上某方格的方法（例如3452）。
Six-figure grid reference – a more precise location system, dividing the four-figure grid square into ten subdivisions to pinpoint a specific point (e.g., 342521).
六位数字坐标 – 更精确的定位方法，将四位数字方格十等分，以确定具体点位（例如342521）。
Quantitative data – numerical information collected in fieldwork, such as river width, pebble size, or pedestrian counts, enabling statistical analysis and graphing.
定量数据 – 在野外考察中收集的数值信息，如河流宽度、卵石大小或行人流量计数，可进行统计分析和图表绘制。
Qualitative data – descriptive, non-numerical information gathered through observations, questionnaires, and photographs, providing insight into people's perceptions and the character of a place.
定性数据 – 通过观察、问卷和照片收集的描述性非数值信息，有助于了解人们的感知和地方特征。
Systematic sampling – a sampling method where data is collected at regular intervals, for example, measuring water velocity every 2 metres across a river channel.
系统抽样 – 按固定间隔收集数据的方法，例如横跨河道每间隔2米测量一次流速。
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