📚 Chinese Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 中文公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook is designed for Year 10 SQA Chinese learners. It collects essential sentence patterns, structural 'formulas', and grammar 'theorems' that serve as reliable building blocks for accurate communication. Mastering these formulas will help you move from memorised phrases to flexible, confident expression in Mandarin.
本速查手册面向 Year 10 SQA 中文学习者，汇总了关键句型、结构‘公式’与语法‘定理’，为准确表达提供可靠的构建模块。掌握这些公式将帮助你从机械记忆短语，转向灵活、自信的中文表达。
1. Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式
The fundamental Chinese sentence structure follows a fixed Subject – Verb – Object order, much like English. However, time and place information is always placed before the verb, not after. This rule is the backbone of all subsequent patterns.
中文的基本句子结构遵循固定的‘主语 – 谓语 – 宾语’语序，与英语相似。但时间与地点信息永远位于动词之前，而非之后。这一规则是所有后续句型的基础。
Subject + Time/Place + Verb + Object
- I go to the library every afternoon. → 我每天下午去图书馆。(Wǒ měitiān xiàwǔ qù túshūguǎn.)
- She eats breakfast at home. → 她在家里吃早饭。(Tā zài jiā lǐ chī zǎofàn.)
2. Time and Place Positioning Theorem | 时间地点定位定理
In Mandarin, the ordering of adverbials is strictly from the larger unit to the smaller unit, and from time to place. You must never say 'I eat dinner at 7 pm at a restaurant' as 'at a restaurant at 7 pm'; the time slot comes first, then the location, then the action.
中文里状语的排列严格遵循从大到小、时间先于地点的原则。不能说‘我在餐厅晚上七点吃饭’，而必须把时间放在地点前面，然后才是动作。
From General to Specific: Year → Month → Day → Part of Day → Location → Action
Example: We study in the library from 9 to 12 on Saturday morning. → 我们星期六上午九点到十二点在图书馆学习。(Wǒmen xīngqīliù shàngwǔ jiǔ diǎn dào shí'èr diǎn zài túshūguǎn xuéxí.)
示例：我们星期六上午九点到十二点在图书馆学习。时间排列从星期到上午再到具体钟点，地点紧随其后。
3. Negation Formula | 否定句式公式
Negation in Chinese uses two main characters: 不 (bù) for most present and future actions, and 没 (méi) or 没有 (méiyǒu) for negating past actions or the existence of something. The negation word always appears directly before the verb or adjective.
中文的否定主要使用‘不’和‘没/没有’两个词。‘不’用于大多数现在与将来的动作或状态，‘没/没有’用于否定过去的动作或事物的存在。否定词永远直接放在动词或形容词前面。
| Type | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 现在/将来 | 不 + V/Adj | 我不是学生。我不吃辣。 |
| 过去/完成 | 没(有) + V | 我没去学校。他没有说。 |
| 存在否定 | 没有 + N | 没有时间。没有钱。 |
4. Question Formation Theorems | 疑问句构造定理
Chinese questions do not require changing word order like English does. Instead, you can simply add a question particle such as 吗 (ma) at the end of a statement, use a question word like 什么 (shénme), or present a verb-not-verb structure. Each pattern acts as a self-contained theorem for asking questions.
中文疑问句不需要像英语那样改变语序。你只需在陈述句末尾添加‘吗’，或使用‘什么’等疑问词，或采用正反问形式。每一种模式都是提问的独立定理。
- 吗-Question Formula: Statement + 吗？ → 你好吗？(Are you well?)
- Wh-Question Formula: Subject + QW + Predicate? → 你叫什么名字？(What is your name?)
- Verb-Not-Verb Formula: V + 不 + V? → 你去不去？(Are you going or not?)
- 呢-Question Formula (follow-up / what about): Topic + 呢？→ 我很好，你呢？(I'm fine, and you?)
5. The 把 (bǎ) Construction Formula | ‘把’字句结构公式
The 把-sentence is used to emphasise the disposal or effect on an object. It highlights how an action is applied to a definite object and brings about a result or change of location. The formula requires an object that is known to both speaker and listener, followed by the action and its outcome.
‘把’字句用来强调对宾语的处置或影响，突出动作如何作用于某个确指的对象并带来结果或位置变化。该句型要求宾语为听说双方都明确的已知事物，后接动作及其结果。
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/Result
Example: I have finished my homework. → 我把作业做完了。(Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le.) — The verb 做 is followed by the result complement 完. Without 把, the sentence would be 我做完了作业, which is also correct but less focused on the disposal of the homework.
示例：我把作业做完了。动词‘做’后带结果补语‘完’。没有‘把’时也可说‘我做完了作业’，但后者对作业的处置意味较弱。
6. The 被 (bèi) Passive Theorem | ‘被’字被动定理
Chinese passive voice is formed with 被, which indicates that the subject is the receiver of an action. The agent (doer) can be omitted or introduced after 被. This theorem is particularly useful in formal writing and news reports, but appears frequently in daily speech as well.
中文的被动语态由‘被’构成，表示主语是动作的承受者。施动者可以省略，也可以出现在‘被’之后。这一定理在正式书面语和新报道中特别常见，但在日常口语中也频繁出现。
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement
Example: The cake was eaten by my little brother. → 蛋糕被我弟弟吃完了。(Dàngāo bèi wǒ dìdi chī wán le.) — In informal contexts, you may hear more colloquial passives with 让 or 叫, but 被 remains the standard pattern for SQA examinations.
示例：蛋糕被我弟弟吃完了。在非正式语境中，可能会听到用‘让’或‘叫’表示的被动，但‘被’字句仍是 SQA 考试的标准被动格式。
7. Comparative Construction Theorem | 比较句式定理
Comparing two things in Chinese uses the pattern A 比 B + Adj, which literally means 'A compared to B is more Adj'. You can also add a degree of difference such as 多了 (much more) or 一点儿 (a bit). Another common formula is A 没有 B + Adj, expressing 'A is not as ... as B'.
中文里比较两件事物使用‘A 比 B + 形容词’结构，字面意思是‘A 比 B 更……’。你还可以添加程度差异，如‘多了’或‘一点儿’。另一种常用公式是‘A 没有 B + 形容词’，表示 A 不如 B 那样。
A + 比 + B + Adj (+ Degree)
A + 没有 + B + Adj
Example: This room is bigger than that one. → 这个房间比那个大。(Zhège fángjiān bǐ nàge dà.) / My Chinese is not as fluent as hers. → 我的中文没有她的流利。(Wǒ de Zhōngwén méiyǒu tā de liúlì.)
示例：这个房间比那个大。我的中文没有她的流利。比较句中形容词前不能加‘很’，这一点是常见错误。
8. Correlative Conjunction Formulas | 关联词搭配公式
Complex sentences in Mandarin often rely on fixed pairs of conjunctions that work like two halves of an equation. These pairings create logical relationships such as cause-effect, concession, condition, and progression. Learning them as inseparable formulas prevents sentence fragments.
中文复句常依赖固定的关联词搭配，如同等式的两部分。这些搭配构建了因果、转折、条件、递进等逻辑关系。将它们当作不可分割的公式来学习，可以避免句子残缺。
| 关系 | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 因为...所以... (Cause-effect) | 因为 + Reason, 所以 + Result | 因为下雨，所以我们没去公园。 |
| 虽然...但是... (Concession) | 虽然 + Fact, 但是 + Counter | 虽然很累，但是他很开心。 |
| 如果...就... (Condition) | 如果 + Condition, 就 + Consequence | 如果你来，我就来接你。 |
| 不但...而且... (Addition) | 不但 + A, 而且 + B (upgrade) | 他不但会说英文，而且会说中文。 |
| 只要...就... (Sufficient condition) | 只要 + Condition, 就 + Outcome | 只要努力，就能进步。 |
9. Complement Formulas: Result, Potential, and Degree | 补语公式：结果补语、可能补语与程度补语
Complements are essential post-verbal elements that describe the outcome, potential, or degree of an action. Without them, verbs often sound incomplete. The three most useful complement formulas are result complements (verb + result), potential complements (verb + 得/不 + complement), and degree complements (adj + 得 + description).
补语是动词后不可或缺的成分，用于描述动作的结果、可能或程度。缺少补语，动词往往听起来不完整。最实用的三类补语公式是：结果补语（动词+结果），可能补语（动词+得/不+补语），程度补语（形容词+得+描述）。
Result: V + Result (完, 好, 到, 懂, 错等)
Potential: V + 得/不 + Complement
Degree: Adj + 得 + Description / V + 得 + Adv
Examples: I have finished reading. → 我看完了。(Result) / I cannot understand. → 我听不懂。(Potential) / He runs extremely fast. → 他跑得很快。(Degree)
示例：我看完了（结果）。我听不懂（可能）。他跑得很快（程度）。可能补语常出现在否定式中，肯定式则较常用于问句或回答，如‘你看得懂吗？——看得懂。’
10. The 是...的 (shì...de) Emphasis Formula | ‘是……的’强调结构公式
This pattern is used to highlight details about a past event — such as time, place, manner, or agent — rather than the action itself. It is a fundamental theorem for narrating experiences or describing how, when, and where something happened. The focus is always on the information placed between 是 and 的.
该结构用于强调过去事件的时间、地点、方式或施动者等细节，而非动作本身。它是叙述经历或描述某事如何、何时、何地发生的基本定理。焦点永远落在‘是’与‘的’之间的信息上。
Subject + 是 + [Emphasised Detail] + Verb + 的 (+ Object)
Example: I came by bus. → 我是坐公共汽车来的。(Wǒ shì zuò gōnggòng qìchē lái de.) — Emphasis on the means of transport. / It was yesterday that we went. → 我们是昨天去的。
示例：我是坐公共汽车来的。强调交通方式。我们是昨天去的。强调时间。注意当宾语是人称代词时，的常放在句末；若宾语是事物，的常放在宾语前，如‘我是在北京学的汉语’。
11. Serial Verb Construction Formula | 连动句式公式
Mandarin frequently strings two or more verb phrases together in one sentence to show purpose, sequence, or means. The verbs share the same subject and appear in a logical chronological order. The formula is Subject + VP₁ + VP₂ + ... where VP₁ often explains the manner or purpose, and VP₂ the main action or outcome.
中文常将两个或更多动词短语串联在一个句子中，以表示目的、顺序或方式。这些动词共享同一主语，并按逻辑时间顺序出现。公式为‘主语+动词短语₁+动词短语₂+……’，其中动词短语₁常说明方式或目的，动词短语₂是主要动作或结果。
Subject + V₁(O₁) + V₂(O₂) (Purpose / Manner / Sequence)
Examples: I go to the hospital to see a doctor. → 我去医院看病。 (Purpose: go to hospital in order to see doctor.) / He flies to Shanghai for a meeting. → 他坐飞机去上海开会。 (Manner: by plane; sequence: go then have meeting.)
示例：我去医院看病。他坐飞机去上海开会。连动句中不能插入连词，顺序必须符合事理先后，比如先买票后看电影，要说‘我买票看电影’，而非‘我看电影买票’。
12. Pivotal Sentence Formula | 兼语句式公式
A pivotal sentence contains a noun or pronoun that serves as both the object of the first verb and the subject of the second verb. The whole structure forms a request, command, or causation. The classic formula uses verbs like 请, 让, 叫, 派, or 使 to trigger the pivotal relation.
兼语句包含一个名词或代词，既作第一个动词的宾语，又作第二个动词的主语。整个结构表达请求、命令或致使。经典公式使用‘请、让、叫、派、使’等动词来引发兼语关系。
Subject + V₁ + Pivot + V₂ + (Object)
- I invite you to have dinner. → 我请你吃饭。(Wǒ qǐng nǐ chīfàn.) — 你 is object of 请 and subject of 吃.
- She makes me very happy. → 她让我很开心。(Tā ràng wǒ hěn kāixīn.) — 我 is object of 让 and subject of 开心.
- The teacher asked him to answer the question. → 老师叫他回答问题。(Lǎoshī jiào tā huídá wèntí.)
示例：我请你吃饭。你身兼二职：请的宾语、吃的主语。使令动词后的兼语成分通常不能省略，且第二个动词或形容词是句子语义的重心。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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