📚 Year 10 SQA Computing Science: Key Terminology Memory Guide | 十年级 SQA 计算机：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the key terminology of SQA Computing Science is like learning the vocabulary of a new language. This guide gives you clear definitions alongside playful memory tricks so you can recall exactly what CPU, binary, firewall, or algorithm mean when it matters most.
掌握 SQA 计算机科学的关键术语就像学习一门新语言的词汇。本指南为你提供清晰的定义和有趣好玩的记忆技巧，让你在考场上能够快速准确地想起 CPU、二进制、防火墙或算法这些概念。
1. Computer Hardware | 计算机硬件
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The 'brain' that runs instructions by repeatedly performing fetch, decode, and execute steps. Memory hint: picture a chef reading a recipe, checking ingredients, then cooking – that's the CPU cycle.
CPU（中央处理器） – 通过反复执行取指、解码和执行步骤来运行指令的“大脑”。记忆提示：想象一位厨师读菜谱、检查食材、然后烹饪——这就是 CPU 的工作循环。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Fast, temporary storage that holds data and programs currently in use. It is volatile, meaning all contents disappear when the power is switched off. Memory trick: think of RAM as your classroom whiteboard – you write on it during the lesson, but it gets wiped clean at the end of the day.
RAM（随机存取存储器） – 用于暂存正在使用的数据和程序的高速临时存储器。它是易失性的，断电后所有内容都会消失。记忆窍门：把 RAM 想象成教室里的白板——上课时你在上面写字，下课后就被擦干净。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that stores essential startup instructions (firmware/BIOS). Data cannot be changed by the user under normal operation. Memory aid: ROM is like a tattoo – permanent and read-only.
ROM（只读存储器） – 存储基本启动指令（固件/BIOS）的非易失性存储器。正常使用时用户无法更改其数据。记忆辅助：ROM 就像纹身——永久的，只能“读”。
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – A magnetic storage device with spinning platters and a moving read/write arm. It offers large capacity but slower speed. Memory hook: imagine a vinyl record player – the arm moves to read data, and spinning speed affects performance.
硬盘驱动器 (HDD) – 一种带有旋转盘片和移动读写臂的磁性存储设备。容量大但速度较慢。记忆联想法：想象一台黑胶唱片机——机械臂移动读取数据，旋转速度影响性能。
Solid State Drive (SSD) – Storage that uses flash memory with no moving parts, making it faster, quieter, and more durable than an HDD. Memory tip: SSD is like a USB stick inside your computer – instant, silent access.
固态硬盘 (SSD) – 使用闪存、没有活动部件的存储器，比 HDD 更快、更安静、更耐用。记忆技巧：SSD 就像电脑里的大号 U 盘——即时、静默访问。
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) – A specialised processor designed to handle images, video, and complex visual calculations. Memory trick: while the CPU is the brain, the GPU is the eyes – it focuses on everything visual.
GPU（图形处理器） – 专门处理图像、视频和复杂视觉计算的处理器。记忆窍门：CPU 是大脑，GPU 是眼睛——它专注处理所有视觉内容。
Motherboard – The main circuit board that connects all components, allowing data to travel between CPU, RAM, storage, and peripherals. Memory image: think of it as a city's road system linking different buildings.
主板 – 连接所有组件的主电路板，让数据在 CPU、内存、存储设备及外部设备之间流通。记忆画面：把它想象成连接不同建筑的城市道路系统。
2. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – A number system using only two digits: 0 and 1. All computer data, from text to video, is ultimately represented in binary. Memory trick: binary is like a row of light switches – each switch is either off (0) or on (1).
二进制 – 只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的计数制。从文字到视频，所有计算机数据最终都以二进制表示。记忆技巧：二进制就像一排电灯开关——每个开关要么关 (0)，要么开 (1)。
Bit – The smallest unit of data, a single binary digit (0 or 1). Memory aid: 'bit' is short for 'binary digit' – just think of a tiny 0/1 spark.
比特（位） – 数据的最小单位，一个二进制数位（0 或 1）。记忆辅助：'bit' 是 'binary digit' 的缩写——想象一颗微小的 0/1 火花。
Byte – A group of 8 bits. One byte can represent a single character, like 'A'. Memory image: a byte is like a team of 8 light switches working together to show one letter.
字节 – 由 8 个比特组成的单位。一个字节可以表示一个字符，比如 'A'。记忆画面：一个字节就像 8 个电灯开关组成的小队，协作显示一个字母。
Denary/Decimal – The base‑10 number system we use every day, with digits 0–9. Computers convert denary numbers into binary internally. Memory tip: denary relates to 'ten' – count your fingers, you have ten.
十进制 – 我们日常使用的基数为 10 的数制，用 0–9 表示。计算机内部会将十进制数转换为二进制。记忆提示：十进制与“十”相关——数一数你的手指，正好十根。
Hexadecimal – A base‑16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F. Often used to express binary numbers more concisely. Memory help: 'hex' means six, and 'decimal' means ten – combine them to get sixteen symbols. Think of it as a colour code like #FF0000.
十六进制 – 基数为 16 的数制，用数字 0–9 和字母 A–F 表示。常用于更简洁地表达二进制数。记忆帮助：“hex”意为六，“decimal”意为十——合起来有十六个符号。可以联想为颜色代码 #FF0000。
ASCII – A character encoding standard that uses 7 or 8 bits to represent text, covering English letters, digits, and basic symbols. Memory trick: ASCII is the traditional 'alphabet' for computers – limited to 128 or 256 characters.
ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码） – 使用 7 或 8 位来表示文本的字符编码标准，涵盖英文字母、数字和基本符号。记忆技巧：ASCII 是计算机的“传统字母表”——最多 128 或 256 个字符。
Unicode – A much larger encoding standard designed to include characters from virtually all writing systems around the world, plus emojis. Memory hint: if ASCII is a local library, Unicode is the internet – it covers everything.
Unicode（统一码） – 一种规模更大的编码标准，旨在涵盖全球几乎所有书写系统的字符，还包括表情符号。记忆提示：如果 ASCII 是一家本地图书馆，Unicode 就是整个互联网——包罗万象。
Pixel – The smallest unit of a digital image or display. 'Pixel' is short for 'picture element'. Memory image: a giant mosaic where each tiny tile is one pixel.
像素 – 数字图像或显示器的最小单位。'Pixel' 是 'picture element' 的缩写。记忆画面：一幅巨大马赛克画，其中每一块小瓷砖就是一个像素。
Resolution – ans finer detail. Memory aid: think of resolution as the number of dots per row and column – more dots, clearer picture.
分辨率 – 图像或屏幕的像素数量，通常表示为宽 × 高（例如 1920×1080）。分辨率越高，细节越精细。记忆辅助：把分辨率想象成每行每列的墨点数量——点数越多，画面越清晰。
Colour Depth – The number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel. More bits allow more colours. Memory hook: a 1‑bit colour depth is like a pencil drawing (black or white), while 24‑bit is like a full paint palette.
色彩深度 – 用于表示单个像素颜色的比特数。位数越多，能显示的颜色越多。记忆挂钩：1 位色彩深度就像铅笔画（黑或白），而 24 位则是一整套彩色颜料。
3. Networking Essentials | 网络基础
LAN (Local Area Network) – Memory cue: LAN = Local, so think of it as your local bus route that covers a small area.
LAN（局域网） – 在一个较小地理区域（如学校或家庭）内连接计算机的网络。记忆线索：LAN 就是“局域”，想想只在本地运行的公交线路。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – raphical distances; the internet is the largest WAN. Memory trick: WAN = Wide, like a long‑haul flight connecting continents.
WAN（广域网） – 跨越较大地理范围的网络；互联网是最大的广域网。记忆技巧：WAN 就是“广”，像连接各大洲的长途航班。
Router – A device that forwards data packets between networks, directing traffic on the internet. Memory image: a router is a post office sorting machine that decides the best route for each parcel.
路由器 – 在网络之间转发数据包、引导互联网流量的设备。记忆画面：路由器就像邮局的分拣机，为每个包裹决定最佳路线。
Switch – A networking device that connects devices within the same LAN and forwards data only to the intended device. Memory tip: think of a telephone exchange operator who connects your call directly to the person you want, not everyone.
交换机 – 在同一个局域网内连接设备、仅将数据转发给目标设备的网络设备。记忆技巧：想象总机接线员，他把你的电话直接接通给你要找的人，而不是喊给所有人听。
IP Address – dress. IPv4 uses four sets of numbers (e.g. 192.168.1.1). Memory: IP address = your device's postal address on the internet.
IP 地址 – 分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，就像家庭地址。IPv4 使用四组数字（例如 192.168.1.1）。记忆：IP 地址就是你设备在互联网上的“门牌号”。
MAC Address – rk interface card; it is usually fixed and unique. Memory clue: MAC = Media Access Control – think of it as your device's fingerprint, permanent and one‑of‑a‑kind.
MAC 地址 – 烧录在网卡中的硬件标识符；通常是固定且唯一的。记忆线索：MAC 就像设备的指纹，永久且独一无二。
Protocol – A set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received across a network. Memory hook: a protocol is like a language spoken between devices – if both follow the same grammar, they understand each other.
协议 – 管理数据如何在网络上传送和接收的一组规则。记忆挂钩：协议就像设备之间使用的语言——如果双方遵守相同的语法，就能互相理解。
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) – The fundamental suite of protocols that makes the internet work. TCP ensures reliable delivery; IP handles addressing and routing. Memory: TCP is like a 'delivery confirmation service', while IP writes the address on the envelope.
TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议） – 支撑互联网运行的基础协议族。TCP 保证可靠传输，IP 负责寻址与路由。记忆：TCP 像是“签收确认服务”，而 IP 负责在信封上写地址。
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) – The protocol used to transfer web pages from servers to browsers. When you see 'http://' llowed. Memory: HyperText = linked pages, Transfer = moving them, Protocol = set of rules.
HTTP（超文本传输协议） – 用于将网页从服务器传输到浏览器的协议。当你在网址中看到 'http://'，就意味着遵循这套规则。记忆：超文本 = 链接页面，传输 = 移动它们，协议 = 规则。
HTTPS (HTTP Secure) – HTTP with encryption using SSL/TLS, providing a secure, private connection. The padlock icon in the browser indicates HTTPS. Memory: the 'S' stands for 'Secret' – data is wrapped in a locked envelope.
HTTPS（安全超文本传输协议） – 使用 SSL/TLS 加密的 HTTP，提供安全私密的连接。浏览器中的挂锁图标即表示 HTTPS。记忆：'S' 代表“秘密”——数据被装在加锁的信封里。
DNS (Domain Name System) – The 'phonebook of the internet' that translates human‑friendly domain names (like aleveler.com) into IP addresses. Memory: DNS is like a contacts app on your phone – you tap a name, and it dials the number.
DNS（域名系统） – “互联网的电话簿”，将人类友好的域名（如 aleveler.com）转换成 IP 地址。记忆：DNS 就像手机通讯录——你点名字，它就拨出号码。
4. Cybersecurity & Threats | 网络安全与威胁
Malware – Short for 'malicious software' stem. Types include viruses, worms, and trojans. Memory: MALware = BAD software, just like 'mal' means bad in Spanish.
恶意软件 – “恶意软件”的简称；任何旨在破坏或利用计算机系统的程序，包括病毒、蠕虫和木马。记忆：MALware = 坏软件，就跟西班牙语中 'mal' 表示“坏”一样。
Virus – A self‑replicating program that attaches itself to clean files and spreads when those files are shared. Memory: like a biological virus – it needs a host file to infect and spread when you 'sneeze' (share) it.
病毒 – 一种自我复制并附着在干净文件上的程序，当这些文件被共享时便会传播。记忆：就像生物病毒——它需要一个宿主文件才能感染，并在你“打喷嚏”（共享）时传播。
Worm – A standalone malware that replicates itself to spread across networks without needing a host file. Memory tip: worms wriggle through network cables on their own – no file attachment required.
蠕虫 – 一种独立恶意软件，无需宿主文件即可自我复制并在网络中传播。记忆技巧：蠕虫自己沿着网线蠕动——不需要附件。
Trojan (Trojan Horse) – Malware disguised as legitimate software. Once installed, it opens a backdoor for attackers. Memory: remember the Greek story – the wooden horse looked like a gift but hid soldiers inside. Same trick.
木马（特洛伊木马） – 伪装成合法软件的恶意软件。安装后便会为攻击者打开后门。记忆：回想希腊传说——木马看起来像礼物，但里面藏了士兵。同样的伎俩。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where criminals send fake emails or messages to trick users into revealing personal information. Memory: phishing sounds like 'fishing' – attackers cast a bait (a tempting email) and hope you bite.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送虚假电子邮件或消息，诱骗用户泄露个人信息。记忆：phishing 听起来像 'fishing'（钓鱼）——攻击者抛下诱饵（诱惑性邮件），盼着你上钩。
Firewall – A security system (hardware or software) that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules. Memory: a firewall is like a club bouncer – it checks IDs and only lets permitted data through.
防火墙 – 一种安全系统（硬件或软件），根据预设规则监控和控制进出网络的流量。记忆：防火墙就像夜店的门卫——它检查身份证，只允许许可的数据通过。
Encryption – The process of scrambling data into a coded form so that only authorised parties can read it. Memory: encryption is like writing a secret message with invisible ink – only the person with the right 'decoder' can reveal it.
加密 – 将数据打乱成编码形式，只有授权方才能读取的过程。记忆：加密就像用隐形墨水写密信——只有拥有正确“解码器”的人才能显现内容。
Authentication – Verifying the identity of a user or device, usually through passwords, biometrics, or two‑factor methods. Memory: think of a passport check at the airport – authentication proves you are who you claim to be.
身份验证 – 通过密码、生物特征或双因素方法验证用户或设备的身份。记忆：想象机场的护照检查——身份验证就是证明你是你声称的那个人。
5. Software & Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
Operating System (OS) – System software that manages hardware resources, runs applications, and provides a user interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. Memory: the OS is the stage manager in a theatre – it handles lighting, sound, and scene changes so the actors (apps) can perform.
操作系统 – 管理硬件资源、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的系统软件。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。记忆：操作系统就像舞台监督——他管理灯光、音响和场景切换，让演员（应用程序）能够演出。
Application Software – Programs that help users perform specific tasks, such as word processors, games, or web browsers. Memory: 'app' is short for application – think of a tool designed to solve a particular problem.
应用软件 – 帮助用户执行特定任务的程序，如文字处理软件、游戏或网页浏览器。记忆：'app' 就是应用——想想为解决某个具体问题而设计的工具。
Utility Software – System software that performs maintenance and security tasks, e.g. antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup. Memory: utility software is like a caretaker that cleans, secures, and organises the building.
实用工具软件 – 执行维护与安全任务的系统软件，例如防病毒、磁盘碎片整理、备份。记忆：实用工具软件就像大楼的管理员，负责打扫、安保和整理。
Firmware – Low‑level software embedded into hardware, providing basic control. The BIOS/UEFI in a PC is firmware. Memory: firmware sits between hardware and OS – it's the 'glue' that wakes up the machine.
固件 – 嵌入在硬件中的底层软件，提供基本控制。PC 中的 BIOS/UEFI 就是固件。记忆：固件介于硬件与操作系统之间——它是唤醒机器的“胶水”。
Open Source Software – Software whose source code is publicly available for anyone to inspect, modify, and share. Memory: a recipe that the chef publishes for everyone to improve – that's open source.
开源软件 – 其源代码公开发布，任何人都可以查看、修改和分享的软件。记忆：就像厨师把食谱公之于众，每个人都能改进——这就是开源。
Proprietary Software – Software owned by an individual or company with restrictions on how it can be used or modified;
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