📚 Year 10 SQA Geography: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | SQA Year 10 地理词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in geographical vocabulary is essential for success in Year 10 SQA Geography. Whether you are describing the formation of a corrie, explaining the causes of counter-urbanisation, or interpreting a 6-figure grid reference, using accurate terminology can make all the difference in your exam answers. This quick revision guide brings together the most important terms across physical, human and environmental geography, organised into bite-sized sections. Each term is presented with a clear English definition followed immediately by its Chinese equivalent, helping you master key concepts in both languages and retain them more effectively.
掌握扎实的地理词汇基础是在 SQA Year 10 地理考试中取得好成绩的关键。无论你在描述冰斗的形成、解释逆城市化的原因，还是解读六位网格坐标，准确的术语运用都能让你的答案脱颖而出。这份速记指南将自然地理、人文地理和环境地理中最核心的术语归纳在一起，按小节编排。每个术语先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接着附上对应的中文释义，帮助你用中英双语同步掌握关键概念，记忆更牢固。
1. Erosion, Transportation and Deposition | 侵蚀、搬运与沉积
Erosion is the wearing away and removal of rock and soil by natural agents such as running water, wind, waves or ice. It breaks down the landscape and shapes landforms.
侵蚀 指流水、风、波浪或冰川等自然力量对岩石和土壤的磨损与搬离。侵蚀破坏地表，塑造各种地貌。
Hydraulic action is the force of moving water compressing air in cracks and forcing rocks apart. In rivers and at the coast, this can undercut banks or cliffs.
水力作用 是流水冲击岩石裂隙并将空气压缩，从而将岩石撑开的力量。在河流和海岸地区，水力作用可以掏空堤岸或悬崖底部。
Abrasion happens when rock fragments carried by water, ice or wind scrape and grind against bedrock, acting like sandpaper.
磨蚀 是指水、冰或风携带的岩屑刮擦和碾磨基岩，如同砂纸般将表面磨去。
Attrition occurs when transported rock particles collide with one another and break into smaller, rounder pieces.
磨损（磨圆作用） 指被搬运的岩石颗粒在移动中互相碰撞，碎裂成更小、更圆的碎块。
Solution (erosion) is the chemical dissolving of soluble minerals in rocks by weakly acidic water, common in limestone areas.
溶蚀 是岩石中可溶性矿物在弱酸性水中被化学溶解的过程，常见于石灰岩地区。
Transportation moves eroded material by traction (large boulders rolled along), saltation (smaller particles bounced), suspension (fine material carried within the water) and solution (dissolved minerals).
搬运 将侵蚀产生的物质以下列方式移动：推移（大石滚动）、跃移（较小颗粒跳跃前进）、悬浮（细粒悬浮于水中）和溶运（溶解态矿物质随水迁移）。
Deposition occurs when a river, glacier or wave loses energy and can no longer carry its load, so it drops the transported material.
沉积 发生在河流、冰川或波浪能量减弱、无法继续搬运携带物时，将物质卸载下来。
2. River Landforms | 河流地貌
V-shaped valley is formed in the upper course of a river through vertical erosion, creating steep sides with a narrow valley floor.
V形谷 形成于河流上游，由于垂直侵蚀强烈，形成两侧陡峭、谷底狭窄的谷地。
Waterfall occurs where a band of hard rock lies over softer rock. The soft rock is eroded faster, creating a step and eventually a plunge pool.
瀑布 出现在硬岩层覆盖软岩层的地方。软岩被侵蚀得更快，形成陡坎，进而形成跌水潭。
Meander is a pronounced bend in a river's middle or lower course, caused by lateral erosion on the outside bank and deposition on the inside.
曲流（河曲） 是河流中下游明显的弯曲段，由外侧岸的侧蚀和内侧岸的沉积共同形成。
Oxbow lake forms when a meander is cut off from the main channel by deposition and erosion, leaving a crescent-shaped lake.
牛轭湖 当曲流被沉积和侵蚀截弯取直，与主河道分离后，留下的新月形湖泊。
Floodplain is the flat area on either side of a river that is regularly flooded and built up by deposition of silt during floods.
洪泛平原 是河流两岸平坦的区域，在洪水期间被定期淹没，并通过泥沙沉积而堆积增高。
Levees are natural raised embankments along a river channel, formed when the largest sediments are deposited quickly after a flood.
天然堤 是沿河道两岸形成的天然高起的堤岸，当洪水退去时，最粗的沉积物率先堆积而形成。
Delta is a low-lying fan-shaped landform at a river mouth where the river deposits its load as it enters a slower-moving or standing body of water.
三角洲 是在河口处形成的低洼扇形地貌，当河流注入流速较慢或静止的水体时，携带的泥沙大量沉积而形成。
3. Coastal Landforms | 海岸地貌
Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along a coast by waves approaching at an angle, with material moved up the beach by swash and back down by backwash.
沿岸漂移 指波浪以一定角度接近海岸时，沉积物在波浪冲流和回流作用下沿海岸线移动的过程。
Headlands and bays form along discordant coastlines where alternating bands of hard and soft rock are eroded at different rates, leaving hard rock sticking out as headlands.
岬角和海湾 形成于岩层方向与海岸线不一致的岸线，硬岩和软岩交替出露，侵蚀差异导致硬岩凸出成为岬角，软岩凹入成为海湾。
Cliff is a steep, near-vertical rock face on a coast, often formed by erosion undercutting the base and causing rockfalls.
海蚀崖（悬崖） 是海岸上陡峭的近垂直岩面，常因底部被侵蚀掏空发生崩塌而形成。
Wave-cut platform is a gently sloping rocky surface exposed at low tide after a cliff retreats inland due to erosion.
海蚀平台 是悬崖因侵蚀后退后，在低潮时暴露的、微微倾斜的岩石平台。
Cave, arch, stack, stump sequence: A cave forms by erosion on a headland; when it breaks through, an arch forms; when the arch collapses, a stack remains; further erosion creates a stump.
海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱、海蚀残丘 序列：海蚀洞由岬角受侵蚀形成；打通后形成海蚀拱；拱顶塌陷留下海蚀柱；进一步侵蚀变为海蚀残丘。
Spit is a long narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift where the coastline changes direction or across a river mouth.
沙嘴 是由沿岸漂移作用形成的，从海岸伸入海中的狭长沙脊，常见于海岸线转弯处或河口处。
Bar is a ridge of sand or shingle that connects two headlands, cutting off a bay to form a lagoon.
沙坝（离岸坝） 是连接两个岬角的沙脊，将海湾封闭形成潟湖。
4. Glacial Landforms | 冰川地貌
Corrie (cirque) is a steep, armchair-shaped hollow on a mountainside, formed by freeze-thaw weathering and rotational glacial erosion. A small lake called a tarn often fills it after the glacier melts.
冰斗 是山坡上陡峭的、呈扶手椅状的洼地，由冻融风化和冰川旋转侵蚀形成。冰川消退后常积水成湖，称为冰斗湖。
Arête is a narrow, knife-edged ridge that separates two adjacent corries.
刃脊 是分隔相邻两冰斗的狭窄、刀刃般锋利的山脊。
Pyramidal peak is a sharply pointed mountain summit formed when three or more corries erode backwards into a central peak.
角峰 当三个或更多冰斗同时向中心山峰溯源侵蚀时形成的尖锐山峰。
U-shaped valley is a wide, steep-sided, flat-floored valley carved by a glacier, replacing the original V-shaped river valley.
U形谷（冰川槽谷） 是冰川侵蚀形成的谷壁陡峭、谷底宽阔平坦的山谷，取代了原有的V形河谷。
Hanging valley is a smaller tributary valley left perched high above the main glacial trough, often marked by a waterfall where a stream drops into the main valley.
悬谷 是支冰川谷被主冰川加深后，高悬在主谷谷坡上的一种地貌，溪流由此跌入主谷常形成瀑布。
Truncated spurs are steep, cliff-like valley sides where interlocking spurs have been cut off by glacier movement, straightening the valley.
截削山嘴 是山谷坡面上陡峭的崖状地形，原河流嵌入山嘴被冰川切割掉，使谷壁变得更直。
Moraine is unsorted glacial debris transported and deposited by ice, forming ridges (terminal, lateral, medial) marking the glacier's former extent.
冰碛 是由冰川搬运和堆积的未经分选的碎屑物，形成冰碛垄（终碛、侧碛、中碛），标示过往冰川的范围。
Drumlin is a streamlined, elongated hill of glacial till, shaped by ice movement and indicating the direction of ice flow.
鼓丘 是由冰川冰碛物构成的流线型椭圆状丘陵，指示冰川运动方向。
Erratic is a large boulder of rock that differs from the local geology, carried by a glacier and deposited far from its source.
漂砾 是岩性与当地基岩完全不同的大石块，由冰川搬运至远处并沉积。
5. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a specific place, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed and cloud cover.
天气 指某一地点大气的逐日状况，包括气温、降水、风速和云量等要素。
Climate is the average weather conditions of a place over a long period, typically 30 years.
气候 是一个地区长时间（通常为30年）天气状况的平均状态。
Precipitation is any form of moisture falling from the atmosphere, including rain, snow, sleet and hail.
降水 是从大气降至地表的各类水分，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪和冰雹。
Relief rainfall occurs when warm moist air is forced to rise over hills or mountains, cools, condenses and falls as rain on the windward side.
地形雨 是暖湿空气被迫沿山坡抬升，冷却凝结后在迎风坡形成的降雨。
Frontal rainfall happens when a warm air mass meets a cooler air mass; the warm air is forced to rise along the cold front and condensation creates rain.
锋面雨 是暖空气团与冷空气团相遇时，暖空气沿冷空气楔爬升，冷却凝结产生的降雨。
Convectional rainfall is caused by intense heating of the ground, which warms the air above, causing it to rise rapidly, cool and produce thunderstorms.
对流雨 是由地表强烈受热，上方空气快速上升、冷却而形成的降雨，常伴有雷暴。
Anticyclone is a high-pressure system bringing settled, calm weather with clear skies in summer and possibly fog or frost in winter.
反气旋 是高压系统，带来晴朗稳定的天气，夏季多晴空，冬季可能带来雾或霜冻。
Depression is a low-pressure system associated with cloudy, windy, rainy weather, formed along the polar front.
低气压（气旋） 是一种低压系统，往往带来多云、大风、降雨天气，沿极锋形成。
Aspect is the direction a slope faces relative to the sun; south-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere receive more sunlight and are typically warmer.
坡向 是坡面相对于太阳的方向；北半球的南坡获得更多日照，通常更温暖。
6. Population and Settlement | 人口与聚落
Population density is the number of people living per square kilometre. It shows how crowded or sparse an area is.
人口密度 是每平方千米居住的人口数，反映一个地区的拥挤或稀少程度。
Population distribution describes where people live across a country or region, often shown using a choropleth or dot map.
人口分布 描述人们在一个国家或区域的居住格局，常用等值区域图或点密度图表示。
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Natural increase is birth rate minus death rate.
出生率 是每年每千人的活产婴儿数；死亡率 是每年每千人的死亡人数；自然增长率 是出生率减去死亡率。
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another to live permanently or semi-permanently. Immigration is moving into a country; emigration is moving out.
人口迁移 指人们为永久或半永久居住而从一个地方移动到另一个地方。移入称移民入境，移出称移民出境。
Push factors are negative reasons that drive people away from an area, e.g., unemployment, war, natural disasters. Pull factors are positive attractions that draw people to a destination, e.g., job opportunities, safety, better services.
推力因素 是驱使人们离开一个地区的负面原因，如失业、战争、自然灾害等；拉力因素 是吸引人们迁入目的地的正面条件，如就业机会、安全、良好服务等。
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas, caused by rural-to-urban migration and natural increase.
城市化 是一个国家城市人口占总人口比例的上升过程，由乡村向城市的人口迁移和城市人口自然增长共同驱动。
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from urban areas into rural areas, often for a perceived better quality of life.
逆城市化 是人口从城市地区迁往乡村地区的现象，通常为了追求更好的生活质量。
Settlement hierarchy orders settlements by population size and range of services, from isolated dwellings and hamlets to villages, towns and cities.
聚落等级 是按人口规模和服务范围将聚落排列的序列，从独屋和小村到村庄、镇直至城市。
7. Urban Issues and Land Use | 城市问题与土地利用
CBD (Central Business District) is the commercial and economic core of a city, with high land values, tall buildings and good accessibility.
中心商务区 是城市的商业经济核心，地价高，高层建筑密集，交通便利性最佳。
Inner city is the area surrounding the CBD, often with older housing (tenements or terraces) and former industrial sites, sometimes facing social and environmental challenges.
内城区 是环绕中心商务区的区域，常有老式住宅（公寓或联排房）和旧工业区，一些地方面临社会和环境问题。
Suburbs are residential areas on the edge of the city, characterised by lower-density housing, open spaces and reliance on commuting.
郊区 是城市边缘的居住区域，以低密度住房和较多开放空间为特征，通勤依赖较强。
Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled outward spread of cities into the surrounding countryside, leading to loss of farmland and increased car dependency.
城市蔓延 是城市不受控制地向周边乡村扩张，导致农田减少和私家车依赖增强。
Green belt is a ring of protected countryside around a city where development is strictly controlled to prevent urban sprawl.
绿化带 是城市周围受保护的一圈乡村地带，严格限制开发以阻止城市蔓延。
Urban regeneration involves redeveloping and upgrading run-down areas through investment, improving housing, services and the local economy.
城市更新 指通过投资重新开发和改善衰败区域，提升住房、服务和地方经济。
Gentrification occurs when wealthier people move into a previously lower-income inner-city neighbourhood, renovating property and changing its character.
绅士化 是指较高收入群体迁入原本低收入的内城社区，翻新房屋并改变区域社会特征的过程。
Traffic congestion happens when the volume of vehicles exceeds the capacity of the road network, causing delays and pollution. Solutions include park-and-ride schemes, congestion charging and improved public transport.
交通拥堵 发生在车辆数量超过道路网络容量时，造成延误和污染。解决方案包括停车换乘、拥堵收费和改善公共交通。
8. Development Indicators | 发展指标
Development refers to the economic, social and political progress of a country. It is often measured using quantitative indicators.
发展 指一个国家的经济、社会和政治进步，通常通过定量指标来衡量。
GDP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced in a country per year divided by its population, giving an average income measure.
人均国内生产总值 是一国每年生产的商品和服务总价值除以人口数，反映平均收入水平。
HDI (Human Development Index) combines life expectancy, education (years of schooling) and GNI per capita into a single score between 0 and 1.
人类发展指数 (HDI) 综合了预期寿命、受教育年限和人均国民总收入，得出一个介于0到1之间的单一评分。
Literacy rate is the percentage of adults who can read and write. It is a widely used social indicator of development.
识字率 是能够读写的成年人所占百分比，是广泛使用的发展社会指标。
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person born today can expect to live, reflecting health and living conditions.
预期寿命 是今天出生的人口平均预期能存活的年数，反映健康和居住条件。
Primary sector involves extraction of raw materials (farming, mining, fishing); secondary sector manufactures goods; tertiary sector provides services; quaternary sector deals with knowledge and information (research, IT).
第一产业 涉及原材料开采（农业、采矿、渔业）；第二产业 加工制造产品；第三产业 提供服务；第四产业 处理知识和信息（研发、IT）。
Fair trade ensures producers in developing countries receive a fair price and better working conditions, promoting sustainable development.
公平贸易 确保发展中国家的生产者获得合理的价格和更好的工作条件，促进可持续发展。
Aid is money, goods or expertise given from one country or organisation to another to help with development or emergency relief. It can be short-term emergency aid or long-term development aid.
援助 是一国或组织向另一国提供的资金、物资或专门知识，用于帮助发展或紧急救助，可分为短期紧急援助和长期发展援助。
9. Environmental Issues and Sustainability | 环境问题与可持续性
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic, social and environmental concerns.
可持续发展 既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足自身需求的能力，平衡经济、社会和环境三方面。
Climate change is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, largely attributed to increased levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
气候变化 是全球或区域气候型的长期改变，主要归因于大气中二氧化碳等温室气体浓度的上升。
Greenhouse effect is the natural process by which certain gases trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping Earth warm. Enhanced greenhouse effect is the additional warming caused by human activities.
温室效应 是特定气体在大气中截留热量使地球保持温暖的自然过程；增强温室效应 是指人类活动导致的额外变暖。
Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees from forests, often for agriculture or timber, leading to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and increased carbon dioxide levels.
森林砍伐 是为获取农业用地或木材而大规模清除树木的行为，导致生物多样性减少、土壤侵蚀和二氧化碳浓度升高。
Renewable energy comes from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal power. Non-renewable energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas) are finite and contribute to pollution.
可再生能源 来自自然可再生的能量来源，如太阳能、风能、波浪能、潮汐能和地热能。不可再生能源（煤、石油、天然气）储量有限，且造成污染。
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to reduce waste, conserve resources and lower energy consumption.
回收利用 是将使用过的材料加工成新产品，以减少垃圾、节约资源和降低能源消耗。
Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation or activity, expressed as tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
碳足迹 是个人、组织或活动直接和间接产生的温室气体总量，以二氧化碳当量的吨数表示。
Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of local people and involves education.
生态旅游 是前往自然区域的负责任旅行，旨在保护环境、维持当地居民福祉并包含教育内容。
10. Map Skills and Fieldwork Terminology | 地图技能与实地考察术语
Grid reference is a system of coordinates used to locate features on a map. A 4-figure reference identifies a 1 km square; a 6-figure reference pinpoints a location within that square.
网格坐标 是用于在地图上定位要素的坐标系统。四位坐标确定一个1千米网格；六位坐标可精确定位网格内的具体位置。
Scale shows the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground, expressed as a ratio (e.g., 1:50,000).
比例尺 表示地图上的距离与地面实际距离之间的关系，通常以比例形式表示，例如 1:50,000。
Contour lines are brown lines on a map joining points of equal height above sea level. Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes; widely spaced contours show gentle slopes.
等高线 是地图上连接海拔相同各点的棕色线条。等高线密集表示陡坡，稀疏表示缓坡。
Spot height is a black dot on a map with an accompanying number giving the exact height in metres of that point.
点高程（高程点） 是地图上的黑色圆点，旁边标有数字，表示该点的精确海拔高度（米）。
Triangulation pillar (trig point) is a concrete pillar shown on a map by a small blue triangle, marking an accurately surveyed height.
三角测量点 是地图上用蓝色小三角形表示的混凝土桩，标示经过精确测量的高程点位。
Cross-section is a side view drawing of the land surface between two points, constructed using contour information to show the shape of the relief.
剖面图（断面图） 是利用等高线信息绘制的两点之间地表的侧面视图，显示地形的起伏形态。
Gradient measures the steepness of a slope, calculated as vertical rise divided by horizontal distance.
坡度 衡量坡面的陡峭程度，用垂直高差除以水平距离计算得出。
Relief refers to the shape and height of the land surface, including hills, valleys and flat areas. On OS maps, it is shown by contours, spot heights and layer colouring.
地势（地形） 指地表的高低起伏形态，包括山丘、谷地和平地等
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