📚 Core Knowledge Revision for CIE IGCSE Science (Year 11) | Year 11 CIE 科学：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to the core knowledge revision guide for CIE IGCSE Science (Year 11). This article covers essential topics from Biology, Chemistry and Physics, helping you consolidate key concepts for your examinations. Each point is presented in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learners.
欢迎阅读 CIE IGCSE 科学（Year 11）核心知识点梳理指南。本文涵盖生物、化学和物理的重要主题，帮助您巩固考试关键概念。每一点均提供中英双语说明，以支持双语学习者。
1. Cell Structure and Organisation | 细胞结构与组织
Basic structure of animal and plant cells: All living organisms are made of cells. Both animal and plant cells contain a nucleus (holds genetic material), cytoplasm (site of metabolic reactions), cell membrane (controls entry and exit of substances), mitochondria (site of aerobic respiration) and ribosomes (protein synthesis).
动植物细胞的基本结构：所有生物体都由细胞构成。动物和植物细胞都含有细胞核（储存遗传物质）、细胞质（代谢反应场所）、细胞膜（控制物质进出）、线粒体（有氧呼吸场所）和核糖体（蛋白质合成）。
Unique features of plant cells: Plant cells possess a cellulose cell wall for support, a large permanent vacuole containing cell sap, and chloroplasts that absorb light for photosynthesis.
植物细胞的独特特征：植物细胞具有提供支撑的纤维素细胞壁、含细胞液的大液泡以及吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。
Levels of organisation: Cells group to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems (e.g., the digestive system).
结构层次：细胞组成组织，组织构成器官，器官协同工作形成器官系统（如消化系统）。
2. Movement of Substances | 物质运输
Diffusion and osmosis: Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
扩散与渗透：扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。渗透是水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向浓溶液的扩散。
Active transport: Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration (e.g., uptake of mineral ions by root hair cells).
主动转运：主动转运逆浓度梯度移动物质，消耗呼吸作用提供的能量（如根毛细胞吸收矿物质离子）。
Factors affecting movement: Temperature, surface area, concentration gradient and diffusion distance influence the rate of movement of substances.
影响因素：温度、表面积、浓度梯度和扩散距离影响物质运动的速率。
3. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids: Carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, starch) provide energy; proteins (made of amino acids) build tissues and act as enzymes; lipids (fats and oils) store energy and insulate the body.
碳水化合物、蛋白质与脂质：碳水化合物（如葡萄糖、淀粉）提供能量；蛋白质（由氨基酸构成）建造组织并充当酶；脂质（脂肪和油）储存能量并保暖。
Enzymes as biological catalysts: Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. They are substrate‑specific, and their activity is affected by temperature and pH. Extreme conditions denature enzymes, altering the active site shape permanently.
酶作为生物催化剂：酶通过降低活化能加速反应。它们对底物具有专一性，活性受温度和pH影响。极端条件使酶变性，永久改变活性位点形状。
4. Atomic Structure and Bonding | 原子结构与化学键
Subatomic particles: electrons (negative). Atomic number = number of protons; mass number = protons + neutrons.
亚原子粒子：原子含有质子（正电）、中子（中性）和电子（负电）。原子序数 = 质子数；质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding: Ionic bonding transfers electrons between metal and non‑metal, forming oppositely charged ions held by electrostatic forces. Covalent bonding shares electron pairs between non‑metals. Metallic bonding features a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
离子键、共价键与金属键：离子键是金属与非金属间电子转移，形成靠静电力结合的正负离子。共价键是非金属间共用电子对。金属键是正离子点阵沉浸在离域电子海中。
Structures: Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices; covalent substances can be simple molecules (e.g., H₂O) or giant covalent lattices (e.g., diamond, SiO₂). Metals form giant metallic lattices.
结构：离子化合物形成巨型离子晶格；共价物质可以是简单分子（如 H₂O）或巨型共价结构（如金刚石、SiO₂）。金属形成巨型金属晶格。
5. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry | 化学反应与计量学
Balancing equations and the mole concept: ns 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant); molar mass is the mass of one mole in g/mol.
配平方程式与摩尔概念：化学方程式必须配平，体现质量守恒。1摩尔任何物质含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）；摩尔质量是1摩尔物质的质量，单位 g/mol。
Calculations: as volumes (1 mol gas occupies 24 dm³ at r.t.p.). Concentration = moles ÷ volume (in dm³).
计算：摩尔数 = 质量 ÷ 摩尔质量。使用方程式中的摩尔比可计算反应质量与气体体积（室温常压下 1 mol 气体占 24 dm³）。浓度 = 摩尔数 ÷ 体积（dm³）。
6. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱与盐
Acids and bases: OH⁻ ions. The pH scale measures acidity (pH <7), neutrality (pH=7) and alkalinity (pH >7).
酸与碱：酸在水中释放 H⁺ 离子（如 HCl、H₂SO₄）。碱可中和酸；可溶的碱称为碱，释放 OH⁻ 离子。pH值衡量酸性（pH<7）、中性（pH=7）和碱性（pH>7）。
Neutralisation and salt preparation: can be prepared by reacting acids with metals, insoluble bases, or carbonates. Titration is used to prepare soluble salts from an acid and an alkali.
中和与盐的制备：中和反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。盐可通过酸与金属、不溶性碱或碳酸盐反应制得。滴定法用于从酸与碱制备可溶性盐。
7. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
Current, voltage and resistance: × R, where R is resistance in ohms (Ω). Resistance depends on the material’s length, cross‑sectional area, and temperature.
电流、电压与电阻：电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。电压 (V) 衡量每单位电荷的能量。欧姆定律：V = I × R，R 为电阻 (Ω)。电阻取决于材料的长度、截面积和温度。
Power and circuit rules: rcuits, current is constant; in parallel circuits, voltage is the same across each branch.
功率与电路规律：功率 = I × V = I²R。串联电路中电流处处相等；并联电路中各支路电压相同。
Electromagnetism and induction: A current‑carrying wire produces a magnetic field. The motor effect describes the force on a current‑carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction generates a potential difference when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines.
电磁学与感应：载流导线产生磁场。电动机效应描述磁场中载流导体所受的力。电磁感应是导体切割磁感线时产生电势差。
8. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Speed, velocity and acceleration: ÷ time. Velocity is speed in a stated direction. Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time.
速度、速率与加速度：速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间。速度是带有方向的速率。加速度 = 速度变化 ÷ 时间。
Newton’s laws and momentum: or in : First law: objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless a resultant force acts. Second law: F = ma. Third law: action‑eaction pairs. Momentum = mass × velocity; total momentum is conserved in a closed system.
牛顿定律与动量：第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非受合力。第二定律：F = ma。第三定律：作用力与反作用力。动量 = 质量×速度；封闭系统总动量守恒。
Weight and terminal velocity: es terminal velocity when air resistance equals weight, resulting in zero resultant force.
重量与终极速度：重量 = mg。下落的物体当空气阻力等于重量时达到终极速度，合力为零。
9. Waves and Energy | 波与能量
Wave properties: transfer. In longitudinal waves (sound), vibrations are parallel. Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = fλ).
波的性质：波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（光、水波）振动垂直于能量传递方向；纵波（声波）振动平行。波速 = 频率×波长 (v = fλ)。
Reflection, refraction and EM spectrum: Reflection obeys the law of reflection. Refraction is the change in direction as waves enter a different medium. The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency, includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X‑rays and gamma rays.
反射、折射与电磁波谱：反射遵守反射定律。折射是波进入不同介质时方向发生改变。电磁波谱按频率递增包括无线电波、微波、红外、可见光、紫外、X射线和伽马射线。
Energy transfers: but total energy is conserved. Sankey diagrams represent energy transfers and efficiency.
能量传递：能量可从一种形式转化为另一种（如化学能→动能），但总能量守恒。桑基图表示能量传递和效率。
10. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
Heat transfer: Conduction (solids), convection (fluids) and radiation (infrared waves) are methods of thermal energy transfer. Good conductors (metals) allow fast conduction; insulators slow it down.
热传递：传导（固体）、对流（流体）和辐射（红外波）是热能传递的方式。良导体（金属）传导快；绝缘体减缓传导。
Specific heat capacity and latent heat: city. Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change state per kg at constant temperature (fusion: solid↔liquid; vaporisation: liquid↔gas).
比热容与潜热：Q = mcΔT，c 为比热容。比潜热是恒定温度下单位质量物体改变状态所需的能量（熔解：固↔液；汽化：液↔气）。
Gas behaviour: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure × volume = constant (Boyle’s
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